The Mechanisms of Trichoderma Species to Reduce Drought and Salinity Stress in Plants

Environmental stresses caused by climate change have severely affected agriculture in the present century;Salinity and drought have challenged most forecasts for increased agricultural production in the past few decades,there-fore,different methods that reduce the effect of these stresses on plants have attracted scientists’attention.The effect of beneficial soil microorganisms on soil health and increasing plants’resistance to stresses is one of the solutions that researchers have paid attention to.This study investigated how Trichoderma species can be affected by the molecular and morphophysiological mechanisms of plants and improve their salt and drought resistance.This study also studied the different Trichoderma species’functions to get a better understanding of how they reduce salt and drought stresses.Furthermore,thefindings of this study provide a clear path for future research to focus on the unknown aspects of Trichoderma species andfind effective ways to boost crop production under environmental stresses.

Application of Silicon and Selenium in Rice for Reducing Cadmium Stress

Rice is an essential part of the human diet in most parts of the world;On the other hand,the industrialization of societies has led to pollution of the environment,including heavy metal contamination of soil and water,which negatively affects rice production and quality.Therefore,finding ways to increase the yield and quality of this strategic crop seems essential.Several studies have been conducted in recent decades to find effective and inexpensive solutions to reduce the adverse effects of heavy metals in rice fields.Due to the negative effect of cadmium pollution on rice quality and yield,the current study aimed to investigate cadmium absorption and transfer mechanisms in rice(from absorption by roots to loading in grains),and its effects on rice morphology,physiology,and biochemistry(such as biomass,nutrient absorption,antioxidant defenses).Also,rice’s natural mechanisms for detoxifying cadmium were discussed.This study also intended to identify the absorption and transfer pathways of silicon and selenium in rice,their roles in improving rice structures,and their antagonistic effects on reducing cadmium stress(absorption,transport,and toxicity of cadmium).