Lineament Patterns and Mineralization Related to Alteration Zone by Using ASAR-ASTER Imagery in Hize Jan-Sharaf Abad Au-Ag Epithermal Mineralized Zone (East Azarbaijan—NW Iran)

East Azarbaijan belongs to the Iranian plateau and is part of lesser Caucasus province. Studied area is located in west-central Alborz. The intrusion of oligocene bodies in various units causes the alteration and mineralization in northwest of Iran. The Hizejan-Sharafabad is one of this named mineralized zone. Granitoidicrocks with component of Granodiorite to alkali have been influenced by hydrothermal fluids. Fractures and faults are as weak zone in earth surface and hydrothermal fluids rise to surface by these geological structures. These solutions cause to alteration in host rocks. Alteration zones are important features for the exploration of deposits. The altered rocks have specific absorption in some spectral portion and ASTER sensor is able to identify the type of alteration. Remote sensing method is useful tool for discovering altered area. The purpose of this study is to appraise ASTER data for surveying altered minerals in Hizejan-Sharafabad area in the event of detecting the potential mineralized areas. In this research, False Color Composite (FCC), Band ratio, and color composite ratio techniques are applied on ASTER data and Silica, Argilic, and Propylitic alteration zones are detected. These alteration types and mineralized area are related to Hizejan–Sharafabad fault which is absent in the fault maps. ASAR image processing has been used for lineaments and faults identified by the aid of Directional and Canny Algorithm filters. The structural study focuses on fracture zones and their characteristics including strike, length, and relationship with alteration zones.

Numerical Modeling of Explosive Loading on Strong Rock Mass with Discontinuity System in Depth 25 m

Effect of Explosion on underground structures where drilled on the stony materials can be affected by explosive strength and rock mass properties of tunnel. In this paper, it has been studied on effect of explosion of 10 tons TNT on the round tunnel (diameter: 10 m) in 25 m depth in the mass rocks (RMR > 90) to estimate stability of tunnel to construct underground structure. Regarding to the studied stones, geo-mechanical indices of rock mass have been found to use as strength criteria in UDEC. In the next step, tunnel in real dimensions and founded indices is modeled with UDEC and analyzed stably. Explosion wave indices are found by UFC Instruction and other experimental relations to administer force from explosion wave on the model. Finally, on the base of FISH, indices of explosion wave are administrated in UDEC and tunnel is analyzed dynamically. According to modeling in depth of 25 m, amount of displacement of drilled tunnel in mass rocks (RMR < 90) is very lower than standard criterion and the tunnel is very stable. Development of plastic zone, vertical and horizontal displacement of rock mass around the tunnel, speed variations and stress from explosion wave are modeled and recorded as the graphs and figures.

Investigating the Impress of the Active Tectonics and the Rate of Fractures in Ilam Formation, Fars Area, SW Iran

The evolution of the Active Tectonics of the Ilam Formation (Santonin) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in costal fars. Core and cuttings samples and wire-line logs from wells in the East Gardan field were used to investigate microfacies types and porosity evolution. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration in East Gardan field. Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestones of the Ilam Formation were deposited in a ramp setting. The ramp developed over the distal margin of the Santonin proforeland basin, adjacent to the evolved forebulge. Inner ramp facies are characterized by carbonate bank bioclastic packstones. Middle ramp facies dominate the Ilam Formation and consist of bioturbated, massive, dolomitic and bioclastic limestones. Bioclasts include benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Intense less common Palaeophycus bioturbation has enhanced the porosity of this facies. Outer ramp deposits consist of alternating mid-ramp bioturbated bioclastic massive limestones and argillaceous and marly limestones. Bioclastic packstones and intensively bioturbated bioclastic limestones of the mid-outer ramp are the primary source of fabric-selective porosity which is greatly enhanced by diagenetic overprints.

Source Characteristics of the 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan Earthquake

The August 11, 2012 Mw 6.4 earthquakes in northwestern Iran occurred as a result of oblique strike-slip faulting in the shallow crust of the Eurasia plate, approximately 300 kilometer east of the plate boundary between the Eurasia and Arabia plates. The seismotectonics of this region is controlled by the collision of the Arabia and Eurasia plates;at the latitude of the earthquakes, the Arabia plate moves almost due north with respect to the Eurasia plate at a rate of approximately 26 millimeter per year. Over the past forty years, seven earthquakes of Mw 6 or greater have occurred within 300 kilometer of today’s events. The nearest was a Mw 6.1 earthquake in February of 1997, approximately 100 kilometer to the east, which caused 1100 fatalities. The studied area encourage the authors to determine the focal mechanism, source time function and sub events’ features which can guide us to reliable judges.

Continental Transpression Evidence Checking along the Fault Dena: Iran, Middle Zagros

Dena Fault is one of the fundamental and main structures with more than 130 km. One of the most important structural properties of this fault is changing in its trend so that at least three structural trends are detectable along this fault. Some continental transpression evidences along fault Dena are checked. These evidences are: Fold’s axis has configuration step and mutual desire. Fold’s axis average preferred orientation makes angles less than 45 degrees with preferred orientation of the boundary faults. Strike-slip faults are arranged overlapping and territory. P harmonic sections are more than harmonic sections R. In the central and southern parts the type is transpression Trust and in the northern part the type is transpression shear. In the present strike-slip component right lateral of this fault is dominant to its trust component and Fault function in the present era, is right lateral reverse.

The Stochastic Finite-Fault Modeling Based on a Dynamic Corner Frequency Simulating of Strong Ground Motion for Earthquake Scenario of North Tabriz Fault

The occurrence of the historical and machine Earthquakes, near to the North Tabriz Fault in NW Iran is an evidence for the seismic activity of this fault, which records a historical earthquake with a magnitude more than 7. Using the existing experimental relations, seismicity, and the fault geometry, a Mw 7.7 earthquake scenario was defined. The stochastic finite-fault modeling based on a dynamic corner frequency shows good agreement with common attenuation patterns. The shake map illustrates that Baghmisheh, Roshtieh, Ellahieh, Valiamr, and Eram region on Tabriz are at high hazard areas, and the maximum acceleration is located at the north direction with the same azimuth similar to fault strike.

Evaluation of Structural Patterns and Related Alteration and Mineralization Zones by Using ASAR-ASTER Imagery in Siyahrood Area (East Azarbaijan—NW Iran)

The NW part of Iran belongs to the Iranian plateau that is a tectonically active region within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The intrusion of Oligocene parts in various faces caused the alteration and mineralization such as copper, molybdenum, gold and iron in the Siyahrood area. Granitoidic rocks with component of Granodiorite to alkali have been influenced by hydrothermal fluids. Alteration zones are important features for the exploration of deposits and the ASTER sensor is able to identify the type of alteration and its alteration zoning. This method can be a useful tool for detecting potential mineralization area in East Azarbaijan—Northwest of Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate ASTER data for mapping altered minerals in Siyahrood area in order to detect the potential mineralized areas. In this study, false color composite, and band ratio techniques were applied on ASTER data and argillic, phyllic, Iron oxide and propylitic alteration zones were separated. ASAR image processing has been used for lineaments and faults identified by the aid of directional filter. The structural study focused on fracture zones and their characteristics including strike, length, and relationship with alteration zones. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing methods and ASTER multi-spectral data for alteration, and ASAR data are useful for lineament mapping.

Paleoseismological Analysis Along the Astara Fault System(Talesh Mountain, North Iran)

The Astara Fault System（AFS） is located in the northwest Alborz, east of Talesh Mountain（TM） and west of the South Caspian Basin（SCB）. The AFS is one of the basement rock faults in Iran that is heavily involved in seismotectonic activity of the Talesh region, and to which subsidence of the SCB is attributed. There is little information available concerning previous AFS seismic activities and its properties. In order to elucidate the seismic behavior and activities of the AFS, we conducted a research study on paleoseismology of the fault. Based on paleoseismic evidence, two scenarios could be taken into consideration, one of which has three and another has four seismic events with magnitudes Mw in the range of 6.7 to 7.2. Evidence of these seismic events is within sedimentary succession as they have occurred during the past 3 ka（this age is determined based on the deposition rate of the region）. Six carbon samples were taken for C^14 age determination tests, the results of which clearly demonstrated that the EvIV（scenario A） and EvⅢ（scenario B） had occurred before 27,444 cal BP, while other events occurred in the time period between 27,444 cal BP and 3 ka ago. If we consider the occurrence of three or four seismic events（based on the two scenarios） to be between 27,444 cal BP and 3 ka ago, the average recurrence interval is 7,119 ± 1,017, but evidence for these events has been removed. If we assume EvI to be the youngest event（in both scenarios）, the minimum elapsed time is therefore 3 ka.

Measuring the Qatar-Kazeron Fault Dip Using Random Finite Fault Simulation of September 27, 2010 Kazeron Earthquake and Analytical Signal Map of Satellite Magnetic Data

In this research the fault parameters causing the September 27, 2010 Kazeron Earthquake with a magnitude of MW = 5.8 (BHRC) were determined using the random finite fault method. The parameters were recorded by 27 accelerometer stations. Simulation of strong ground motion is very useful for areas about which little information and data are available. Considering the distribution of earthquake records and the existing relationships, for the fault plane causing the September 27, 2010 Kazeron Earthquake the length of the fault along the strike direction and the width of the fault along the dip direction were determined to be 10 km and 7 km, respectively. Moreover, 10 elements were assumed along the length and 7 were assumed along the width of the plane. Research results indicated that the epicenter of the earthquake had a geographic coordination of 29.88N - 51.77E, which complied with the results reported by the Institute of Geophysics Tehran University (IGTU). In addition, the strike and dip measured for the fault causing the Kazeron Earthquake were 27 and 50 degrees, respectively. Therefore, the causing fault was almost parallel to and coincident with the fault. There are magnetic discontinuities on the analytical signal map with a north-south strike followed by a northwest-southeast strike. The discontinuities are consistent with the trend of Kazeron fault but are several kilometers away from it. Therefore, they show the fault depth at a distance of 12 km from the fault surface.

Review and Analysis of Geological Structural Model by Using Geomagnetic, Case Study: Haji Abad Region in Iran’s Zagros Zone

The use of geomagnetic for geophysical and geological studies is a new method for receiving different information from new and old faults and lineaments. Accordingly, the present study is applied research and it use combined the two methods, analytical signal and Euler’s combined method and invented a new combined method to estimate the depth, location and shape of the magnetic and gravity sources. As a case, this research selected Iran’s Zagros zone. This region due to the geological dynamics is considered by many geologists. In this regard, the 1:250,000 framework of Haji Abad was selected as a case study because of its convenient location for structural analysis. As a result, with airborne magnetic images survey, and applying filters in the vertical derivative and analytical signal, lineaments in depth of this region discovered and investigated.

The Analysis of Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T Index) in the Chekene-Mazavand, North East Iran

T index has been calculated in the Chekene-Mazavand region in the NE Iran. This index shows lateral tilting may be related to active tectonics. There are many streams and transverse topographic symmetry factor has been calculated for all streams of Kashafroud river. Firstly, based on digital elevation model, the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Then transverse topographic symmetry factor was calculated for each one. The values are between 0.14 and 0.57 and so, there are low, moderate and high levels of relative tectonic activities. The areas with low relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basins?no. 14, 15 and 24, moderate relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basinsno. 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 and high relative tectonic activities have found in sub-basins?no. 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 17, 20 and 26. The results show that the?plains have got low to moderate level of tectonic activity and faulted areas have got high tectonic activity. This matter is compatible with its tectonic setting on the Kopet Dagh belt in north east Iran.

Assessment of Relative Active Tectonics in the Bozgoush Basin (SW of Caspian Sea)

Geomorphic indices are useful tools for studying relative active tectonics of a specific area. In this study, the relative active tectonics of Bozgoush region (NW of Iran) has been investigated based on Geomorphic indices. The studied indexes include: the stream length-gradient (SL), hypsometric integral (Hi), the ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), the shape of the drainage basin (Bs), the sinuosity of mountain front (Smf), asymmetric factor of drainage basin (Af) and transverse topographic symmetry factor (T). In the present study, gathered data from various morphometric indexes of six basins are aggregated, and their obtained result is provided as relative active tectonics of the region or Iat index that shows a proper illustration of the relative active tectonics of the mentioned region. In order to develop a correct analysis of the mentioned area, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) model with a studied weight, the final overlapped layer of relative tectonics is prepared with applying coefficients. With the comprehensive field studies, evidences like deep valleys, river bed immigration, landslides, sudden change in river cycles and surfaces of faults were found that are in good consistence with obtained data of relative active tectonics of the region. After measuring these indexes, it was found that Aydoghmush and OujanChay basins have a high relative active tectonics. With regard to the obtained results of present study, it seems that Tabriz fault has the most seismic and motional potential in northern basins of the region. In addition, in Aydoghmush basin, in southern part of the region, Qeynarjehchartagh fault has a high active tectonics that according to the estimated values has been identified as an active young structure in the region.

Structural and Fault Analysis of Haji Abad with Interpretation of Landsat 8 Satellite Images

Zagros orogenic belt has developed on northern-eastern edge of Arabian plate from Northern-Western-Southern-Eastern Turkey to Strait of Hormuz with a length of over 2000 km. Thick sedimentary series of the Zagros (6 - 12 km) has maintained complex tectonic history of the region, which represents all stages of development of a basin from a passive continental shelf to a rift. This finally represents various stages of deformation in relation to ophiolite obduction and continental collision. The study area is located in the south and southeastern part of Iran in the range of 28 and 29 to 55 and 57. The study area includes Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces in national classification. Geographic position of this region at the intersection of three sedimentary structural zones of Zagros, Makran and Central Iran has revealed that Hormozgan Province has specific geological and structural features. Nowadays, remote sensing techniques and particularly structural analysis with satellite images are supplement to the observation and field interpretation. Landsat satellites can be noted in this regard, which has helped the scientists to interprete natural science since a long time ago. Landsat 8 is equipped with panchromatic band and thus has a high spatial resolution. Therefore, the images obtained from this satellite are used. The images are raw and after application of various filters and image processing operations by ER mapper and Arc GIS the lineaments that have remained unidentified are observed. The discoveries are then introduced to the realm of construction geology in the form of a new map of regional faults using the remote sensing technologies.

A Study of the Relationship between Landslide and Active Tectonic Zones: A Case Study in Karaj Watershed Management

This research shows a noticeable comparison between slide zones produced with the results using the Nilsen method with active tectonic hazard zonation map. A determination landform of geometry or morphometry factors is one of the best methods for study and evaluation active tectonics. The first image provided is a Dem maps from GIS software showing topography, geology and tectonic maps participant with field activities. The second image provided shows an active tectonic map also generated by the same above mentioned factors into three classes A, B, C, D and a landslide hazard zonation map which shows five classes: Stable zone, generally stable zone, stable moderately stable zone, moderately stable zone and talented to liquefaction zone. The study and comparison and conformity landslide hazard zonation map with hazard zonations into active tectonic hazard zonation map showed about 79 percent (56,880 hectare) moderately unstable zone and talented for liquefaction zone settled in A zone (very high tectonic activity) and B zone (high tectonic activity) active tectonic map and 21 percent (15,130 hectare) remain unsettled sequential 12 percent (8640 hectare) and 9 percent (6480 hectare) in C (moderate tectonic activity), D (lowest tectonic activity) zone of active tectonic hazard zonation produced from above mentioned factors. This research showed a relationship between slide zones produced in landslide hazard zonations using the Nilsen method to measure active tectonic hazard zonation in the study region.

Determining the Critical Depth of Excavation and Investigating the Effect of Fault on the Resistance of Tehran Alluvial

In this paper, the effect of the burden of neighboring buildings on the stability of holes in a part of coarse-grained alluvial deposits of northern Tehran has been investigated. For this purpose two numerical and partial equilibrium methods have been used with FLAC and SLIDE software. As, the holes in the study area to the depth of 20 m in the without load state of the neighboring building and the building load of the 5-floor building in a distance of 3 meters from the depth edge were analyzed, and the results were compared and finally using the SLIDE software the guardian structure for deep recessed excavations was suggested which with this proposed guardian structure a high reliability coefficient of 1.5 can be achieved.

Assessment of Beshagard Mountain Tectonic Activity (South of Jazmurian Depration) Application IRAT Index

Morphometry status of tectonic active areas around the Beshagard mountain is as a result of the interaction of neotectonic movements, erosion and subsidence processes. Bashagard mountain contains two attached mountains (GhaleTohi imountain and Bashagard mountain) with an altitude of 2000 meters at the south of the Jazmurian subsidence surrounded by Quaternary and Neogene. The boundary between the north Makran and Jazmurian subsidence is a fault that located between Band-e-Ziarat unit and western alluvial fan and units of Ganj, Mokhtarabad and Rameshk in the south. Tectonic activity has a significant impact on their morphometry status and drainage basin system. We studied geomorphological patterns of drainage and mountain fronts features for clear changes and high style of mountain. In this study, we studied seven geomorphological indicators for each basin including Vf, Bs, Smf, Sl, Af, RA, Hi between west and south mountain front of Jazmurian. Morphometric indexes were divided in three categories. The average of seven indicators is an index of relative tectonic activity (IRAT). The level of tectonic activity of each IRAT category was determined. Finally, tectonic activity was evaluated for each drainage basin. Results show good similarity between IRAT category and ratio of tectonic activity of the number of drainage basins. The streams profile shows the uplift movement in the western part of subsidence Jazmurian. Thus, the achievements obtained from the analysis of topographic indices, the region’s river system and geomorphological evidence show the movements of uplift and movement of right-lateral strike-slip of Jiroft fault in the west and reverse faulting of Kranj and Jazmurian faults at east of subsidence Jazmurian that all indicates the diagonal tectonic movements.

The Role of Faults on Tehran Alluvial and Its Impact on Resistance of Alluvial

Tehran is located in the Alborz’s mountain range subsidence and alluvial deposits which are formed in the different faults. Though these faults caused changes in Northern Tehran’s alluvium. The geomechanics factors on these alluviums made northern area of Tehran a dangerous place to construct. In this article we have tried to determine the zone’s resistance [1], critical depth in excavation and in the end the role of faults in mechanical resistance of alluvium by comparing several pits in the zone of fault or the zone with no fault. For this purpose, the impact of the neighboring building on the pit stability has been investigated in several locations in some part of coarse alluvium of northern Tehran. So engineering methods such as numerical method and limit equilibrium with the help of software like FLAC and SLIDE were used to determine alluvium’s resistance and the critical depth of excavation. It was done in a way that several pits were analyzed and evaluated in the studied area to a depth of 20 meters in the unloaded state of the neighboring buildings, and once even the load of a neighboring 5-storey building placed at a distance of 3 meters from the edge of the considered pit was analyzed and the results were compared.

Hypsometric Properties of South Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt Basins: A Case Study in Namdan Basin in SW Iran

Study area is located in Southwest Iran with relatively flat topography. Outcropped lithological units in the region belong from Triassic and Jurassic till recent era. The study area of the Namdan basin is related to the tectonic zone of the high Zagros region and the compressional-extensional regime. Geomorphic indices of active tectonics are useful tools to analyze the influence of activity. One of them is hypsometric integral which has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development. It is estimated by the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In constructing the hypsometric integral curve, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 30 m spatial resolution has been used. This index is calculated in the study area. Then, based on index of its values, the hypsometric properties of drainage basins are analyzed in Namdan basin. Three different approaches were used for estimation of hypsometric integrals. The hypsometric integral values (HI) range between 0.18 and 0.31 for all the basins of study basin. In the study area, one stage of erosion cycle development, namely old stage is distinguished. Our results indicate that there is anomaly in Hi value which is located on faulted area. The results indicate the Northwest of Namdan basin and a small part of its Southeast are more active than other ones.

Benthic Foraminiferal and Calcareous Algae Assemblages in the Tirgan Formation (Urgonien Facies Type) in South Flank of Ghorogh Syncline (North of Chenaran), NE Iran

In this research, the Tirgan Formation in the south flank of Ghorogh Syncline (north of Chenaran), northeastern Iran with the thickness of 251 was studied. This section consists of limestone, marly limestone and shale with impressions of echinoderms toxasteridae family, many of foraminifera from orbitolinidae family and also lots of calcareous algae that create facies variation along with other non-skeletal allochems. Micropaleontological investigation has been carried out on 90 thin-sections. These criteria reveal that an equivalent of the Urgonian facies type (in France-Swiss area) and open marine, low depth sedimentary basin are extended in the Kopet-Dagh basin. In this article, we tried to introduce some of the important foraminiferal and calcareous algal assemblages of this area.

Active Tectonic Signs of Taftan Mountain (South Eastern of Iran)

This area, 12585.84 Km2, is located around Taftan Mountain in the east of Iran. It lies between latitudes 27°51' and 29°30'N, and longitudes 60°19' and 61°43'E. It has been studied on quantitative and qualitative morphometric and other active tectonic indices including symmetry of drainage basin (Asymmetry Factor), symmetry of latitudinal topography and sinuosity of main front. It is founded that relative active tectonic levels have been categorized in three groups: high, low and middle. Finally, all indices have been integrated with desert relations. Then the relative active tectonic level in area of 3-B is high;it is middle in the areas and sub-areas 1 of 1-B, 1-C, 1-D, 1-E, 3-A, 3-B, 4-A, 4-C, 5-A, 5-B, 9-A, 9-B and 9-C and it is low in sub-areas of 1-C and 9-A. The relative active tectonic levels in the east and south eastern areas where Mirjaveh and Khash cities are located are higher than other areas. Tectonic actions of the areas and sub-areas have been matched with structural elements.