A comprehensive review on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Anagallis arvensis (L).: A wild edible medicinal food plant

Medicinal plants,since times immemorial,have been used in virtually all cultures for therapeutic purposes.Anagallis arvensis(L.)is a well-known medicinal plant traditionally utilized for a varied range of disorders including wound healing,lung problems,kidney stones,urinary tract infections,gout,and rheumatic conditions.This review is an attempt to summarize and comprehend the fragmented information until now published in the literature on the biochemical and toxicological perspective of A.arvensis.The literature was searched electronically from PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,Science Direct,Ovid MEDLINE and Google Scholar.It was found that ethnomedical uses of A.arvensis plant and parts have been recorded throughout the world,where it has been used against a panoply of diseases.Phytochemical search has led to the identification of flavonoids,terpenoids,triterpenoid glycosides,phytosterols as main classes of secondary metabolites with a few other classes.A wide spectrum of in vivo and in vitro pharmacological activities have been reported from fresh plant material and its crude extracts and/or fractions.However there is currently a dearth of structure-activity studies of the isolated compounds and mechanistic studies from this species.The plant has also been reported for in vivo toxicity.It is clear from this review thatA.arvensis,though traditionally used by various cultures harbour a plethora of bioactive compounds exhibiting multifarious biological effects that could be exploited as biopharmaceuticals.Nonetheless,additional research work and structure-activity studies arekey prerequisite to transmute the empirical claims on the utilization of A.arvenisis in folklore medicines and a food plant into scientific shreds of evidence.

In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory studies,computational analysis and chemodiversity of an emergency food plant Caralluma edulis(Edgew.)Benth.ex Hook.f:A multifunctional approach to provide new ingredients for nutraceuticals and functional foods

Caralluma edulis is a leafless succulent herb native to India and Pakistan,where it is used as emergency food and as potential herbal medicine.It was investigated for its bioactive chemicals and further medicinal properties.The objective of the current study was to accomplish the chemical and biological characterization of C.edulis.Chemical profiling was done through estimation of total bioactive contents and UHPLMS analysis.Biological screening was achieved through six different antioxidant and enzyme inhibition assays.Estimation of its phenolic and flavonoid contents revealed that ethyl acetate fraction(Ce-E)contains 14.15 mg GAE/g extract and 26.13 mg RE/g extract of phenolics and flavonoids,respectively,followed by the methanolic(Ce-M)and the water(Ce-W)soluble fractions.In free radical inhibitory assays,Ce-E fraction also exhibited highest activity(DPPH:19.72 mg TE/g extract,ABTS:48.66 mg TE/g extract)followed by Ce-M,whereas,in CUPRAC and FRAP assays,all the extracts,except water fraction,exhibited nearly equal potential in the range of 53.85–57.96 and 25.42–32.12 mg TE/g extract,respectively.In metal chelating antioxidant assay,only Ce-M and Ce-W fractions displayed considerable activities(25.88 and 23.55 mg EDTAE/g extract respectively),whereas,Ce-H exhibited the highest activity in phosphomolybdenum assay(1.03 mmolTE/g extract),against BChE(6.43 mg GALAE/g extract),α-glucosidase andα-amylase(6.98 and 0.47 mmol ACAE/g,respectively)and tyrosinase(64.46 mg KAE/g extract)enzymes.Ce-M and Ce-E also exhibited significant activity against tyrosinase(59.85 and 58.40 mg KAE/g extract,respectively).Crude methanolic extract(Ce-M)was analyzed to unveil its secondary metabolic picture;the UHPLCMS analysis discloses 105 compounds as phenolic acids,flavonoids,steroids and their glycosides,which makes the C.edulis extract a strong candidate for nutraceutical and functional food ingredient.Some of the metabolites were docked against all the tested enzymes to predict mode of actions and to substantiate the pharmaceutical nature of C.edulis.