Relationship of Uric Acid with Superoxide Dismutase (Sod) in Induced Hyperuricemic Rat Model

Increase uric acid levels have been found in oxidative stress. Urate radicals do not react with oxygen to form another peroxy radical, thus increasing the efficacy of uric acid as an antioxidant. Therefore, this study is designed to measure the level of uric acids and find out the relationship of uric acid with superoxide dismutase in induced hyperuricemic model. Forty male albino rats with an average weight of 180 ± 2 g were selected. The rats were grouped. The animals were fed on standard diet and given tap water ad libitum until treatment. Albino rats were divided into four groups. Group A(10)-control given only standard diet, group B(10) fed on 60% fructose with standard diet , group C(10) fed on fructose, standard diet and intraperitonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg and group D (10) only on injection intraperotonially oxonic acid 250 mg/kg. At the end of study 10 mL of blood was drawn from heart of rats. Then blood was estimated for superoxide dismutase and uric acids done by kit methods randox-manual/Rx monza UA230/UA 233. Results: In Group C superoxide dismutase was found to be 32 % (244 mg/dL ± 2.23) more than control. In the same group the uric acid concentration was highly significantly correlated with control. Conclusion: The uric acid concentration increases when we take fructose up to 60% in our diet. It also increases superoxide dismutase concentration. More than this value may have inverse effect on the uric acid level and its role as an antioxidant may become inversed.

SC Currents Minimization in Distributed Generation Embedded Distribution Networks with Optimal Application of FCLs

For meeting the increased demand of electrical power,distributed generation(DG)based on renewable energy resources(RERs),has become a potential alternative to large plants based on fossil fuels.The power from environmentally friendly RERs is available at a competitive price due to technological advancements in recent times.Moreover,optimal allocation of DG at the distribution network(DN)level may result in power loss reduction,improvement in voltage profile and the network’s overall reliability.However,integration of DG may increase the short circuit(SC)level beyond the capacity of the protection gear,conductors,transformers and other components of a DN.The high short circuit currents(SCCs)may be reduced by application of a fault current limiter(FCL).However,most of the existing literature proposes optimization of FCLs size by considering only normal configurations of a DN.This approach is inappropriate as it may fail to produce the desired reduction in SCCs in different N−1 contingency scenarios.In this paper,a new strategy is presented that considers both normal as well as various contingency situations for optimal allocation of FCLs in a DN with DG connection.The strategy is implemented in the IEEE 30-bus system in a MATLAB environment using a genetic algorithm(GA).The simulation results prove that the proposed strategy is effective in determining the optimal FCLs size that restricts the SCCs to a safe level in different operating conditions including N−1 contingencies and thus,improves network safety and reliability.The strategy described in the paper can play an important role in DN planning involving optimal application of DG and FCLs.