The Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower and Wheat Root Exudates on Sinapis arvensis and Sinapis alba

In this study,we aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of sunflower and wheat root exudates on the common weeds such as wild mustard and white mustard in our region.The root exudates which were obtained by soaking 8 weeks old sunflower and wheat seedlings(20 or 40 seedlings)in 100 mL of distilled water for 3 days were applied to the leaves of wild mustard and white mustard.In order to compare the allelopathic effect,the recommended dose(1 g.da^(-1))and twice the recommended dose(2 g.da^(-1))of Gromstor(Tribenuron-methyl),a herbicide preferred by farmers for the chemical control of these weeds was also applied.The allelopathy was performed for wild mustard and white mustard seedlings by the measurement of different physiological and biochemical parameters,such as chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll,carotenoid,proline,total protein amounts and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity.The amounts of total chl and carotenoid in wild mustard leaves decreased in all treatment groups compared to control.The highest decrease in total chl(50.93%)and carotenoid(46.69%)was oberved in the treatment of 40 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water.In the white mustard leaves,the amount of total chl in all treatment groups except the treatment group of Gromstor 2 g.da^(-1) and carotenoid in all treatment groups increased compared to the control.The highest increases again were observed in 40 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water treatment.The proline amounts in wild mustard and white mustard increased in all treatment groups.The highest increase was observed for the treatment of 20 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water in wild mustard(459.69%)and 40 sunflower seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water in white mustard plant(104.70%).In superoxide dismutase enzyme activities,treatments decreased activity except treatment of 40 sunflower seedling root exudate in wild mustard,while increased activity outside commercial herbicide treatment in white mustard.The results showed that sunflower and wheat root exudates have allelopathic effects on wild mustard and white mustard weeds.It is thought that the study will be a reference for new studies that will enable the use of plant root exudates as bioherbicides or foliar fertilizers and will contribute to the fight against weeds in organic agriculture.

Traveling wave structures of some fourth-order nonlinear partial differential equations

This study presents a large family of the traveling wave solutions to the two fourth-order nonlinear partial differential equations utilizing the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method.In this method,utilizing a traveling wave transformation with the aid of the Riccati-Bernoulli equation,the fourth-order equation can be transformed into a set of algebraic equations.Solving the set of algebraic equations,we acquire the novel exact solutions of the integrable fourth-order equations presented in this research paper.The physical interpretation of the nonlinear models are also detailed through the exact solutions,which demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.The Bäcklund transformation can produce an infinite sequence of solutions of the given two fourth-order nonlinear partial differential equations.Finally,3D graphs of some derived solutions in this paper are depicted through suitable parameter values.

Two-wave,breather wave solutions and stability analysis to the(2+1)-dimensional Ito equation

The current study employs the novel Hirota bilinear scheme to investigate the nonlinear model.Thus,we acquire some two-wave and breather wave solutions to the governing equation.Breathers are pulsating localized structures that have been used to mimic extreme waves in a variety of nonlinear dispersive media with a narrow banded starting process.Several recent investigations,on the other hand,imply that breathers can survive in more complex habitats,such as random seas,despite the attributed physical restrictions.The authenticity and genuineness of all the acquired solutions agreed with the original equation.In order to shed more light on these novel solutions,we plot the 3-dimensional and contour graphs to the reported solutions with some suitable values.The governing model is also stable because of the idea of linear stability.The study’s findings may help explain the physics behind some of the challenges facing ocean engineers.

New lump interaction complexitons to the(2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries equation with electrostatic wave potential in plasmas

A soliton is a packet of self-reinforcing waves that maintains its structure when moving at a constant speed.Solitons are caused by the cancellation of the medium’s nonlinear and dispersive effects.In plas-mas,the bilinear form of Hirota will be utilized to investigate the(2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries equation with electrostatic wave potential.Solutions for complexiton lump interaction have been devel-oped.To throw further light on the physical qualities of the recorded data,certain 3-dimensional and contour plots are presented to illustrate the interaction elements of these solutions.