Association of eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms with refractive disorders from Eskisehir,Turkey

AIM:To investigate relationship between refractive errors and eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in HGF,GC,MFN1,GNB4,and VDR genes in Turkish population.METHODS:A group of 212 participants with myopia(n=91),hyperopia(n=45),and emmetropia(n=76)were investigated in this study.SNPs in HGF,GC,MFN1,GNB4 and VDR genes were studied by Snap Shot technique.RESULTS:The patients in this study consists of 47 female/44 male(age:23.47±4.30)patients with myopia,20 female/25 male(age:31.20±8.02)with hyperopia and 33 female/43 male(age:25.22±6.60)with emmetropia.The genotype distribution of the rs7618348 polymorphism,which was the only statistically significant one between myopia and emmetropia group.The genotype distribution of the rs3819545,rs3735520,rs7041,and rs2239182 polymorphisms,which were statistically significant between hyperopia and emmetropia groups.CONCLUSION:The importance of genetic predisposition to refractive errors with respect to etiology of the disease is revealed.It is known that polymorphism studies may differ because of genetic diversity among populations so larger cohort studies are required in different populations to enlighten the etiology of the refractive errors.

Effects of Sleep Disorders on Hemoglobin Alc Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background： Studies have reported the presence of sleep disorders in approximately 50-70% of diabetic patients, and these may contribute to poor glycemic control, diabetic neuropathy, and overnight hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sleep disorders in diabetic patients, and to investigate possible relationships between scores of these sleep disorders and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome （OSAS） and diabetic parameters （fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin Alc [HbA lc], and lipid levels）. Methods： We used the Berlin questionnaire （BQ） for OSAS, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale （ESS）, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI） to determine the frequency of sleep disorders and their possible relationships with fasting blood glucose, HbA I c, and lipid levels. Results： The study included 585 type 2 diabetic patients admitted to family medicine clinics between October and December 2014. Sleep, sleep quality, and sleep scores were used as the dependent variables in the analysis. The ESS scores showed that 54.40% of patients experienced excessive daytime sleepiness, and according to the PSQI, 64.30% experienced poor-quality sleep. The BQ results indicated that 50.20% of patients were at high-risk of OSAS. HbAlc levels correlated significantly with the ESS and PSQI results （r = 0.23, P 〈 0.001 and r = 0.14, P = 0.001, respectively）, and were significantly higher in those with high-risk of OSAS as defined by the BQ （P 〈 0.001 ）. These results showed that HbAlc levels were related to sleep disorders. Conclusions： Sleep disorders are common in diabetic patients and negatively affect the control of diabetes. Conversely, poor diabetes control is an important factor disturbing sleep quality. Addressing sleep disturbances in patients who have difficulty controlling their blood glucose has dual benefits： Preventing diabetic cornplications caused by sleep disturbance and improving diabetes control.