Hematological Profile and Risk Factors of Anemia in Pregnant Women: A Cross Sectional Descriptive and Analytical Study in Douala Cameroon

During pregnancy, the hematological system undergoes numerous changes so as to meet up with the demands of the developing fetus and placenta, with major alterations in blood volume and this differs with women from different regions. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the hematological parameters and risk factors for anemia among pregnant women according to different trimesters of pregnancy in Douala, Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2017, and all pregnant women who attended antenatal visits during our study period and who suited our inclusion criteria were recruited. The study was carried out in the antenatal care Unit of the Douala Laquintinie Hospital (DLH). A pretested questionnaire was used for the necessary data collection. Venous blood was collected from each of these women to perform a Complete Blood Count (CBC) test using an automated hematological analyzer (URIT 3010). Data were analyzed using XLSTAT 2007 and Stata version 11 software. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28 (SD = 5 years). The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women was 22% with a majority (18.4%) of these women being mildly anemic. Mean Hemoglobin values were significantly higher among women in first trimester compared to the third (12.1 ± 0.9 g/dl vs 11.8 ± 1.3 g/dl;p = 0.043). There was also a significant change in mean hematocrit (HCT) values between the first and second trimester (32.8% ± 2.5% vs 31.4% ± 2.9%, p = 0.004) and between the first and third trimester (32.8% ± 2.5% vs 30.8% ± 3.5%, p -4). RBC count value was higher in the first trimester than in the second trimester (3.7 ± 0.3 × 1012/L vs 3.5 ± 0.4 × 1012/L, p -4) and in the third trimester (3.7 ± 0.3 × 1012/L vs 3.5 ± 0.4 × 1012/L, p = 0.001). After a multivariate analysis, the following categories of women had more odds of developing anemia;women between the age range of 30 - 35 (OR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.16 - 6.81, p = 0.023), women in the second trimester of pregnancy (OR = 2.20, 95%CI: 0.88 - 5.48, p = 0.024), women with blood group O (OR = 3.57, 95%CI: 1.41 - 16.66, p = 0.012). Conclusion: This study confirms significant variations in hematological parameters. The findings reinforce the need for supplementation and provide additional information on hematological reference values in pregnancy in Cameroon. It also helps us understand that, third trimester, age range 30 - 35, and blood group may be potential risk factors associated with anemia in pregnancy though a cohort study would be necessary to ascertain this hypothesis.

HIV+ Status and Cervical Cancer: Cytological Aspects of Cervical Smear in Cameroon Setting

Introduction: The early detection of precancerous lesions being very important for the preventive management of cervical cancer, we felt it was important to identify these lesions on potential backgrounds including HIV-positive (HIV+) women to suggest control strategies of cervical cancer in Cameroon. Objective: To determine the prevalence of precancerous lesions in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to investigate the determinants of the HIV and cervical cancer association, and to make recommendations regarding cervical cancer screening in these patients of the city of Douala. Methodology: Our study was a case-control cross-sectional study from July 2017 to December 2017 (6 months) including 108 women among which 34 HIV+ matched with 74 HIV-. HIV serology was done using the complete HIV enzygnost test. Cervical smears for cytological lesions were fixed to the cyto-fixator and then stained by the Papanicolaou technique and read under an optical microscope. The cervical smear slides for viral excretion were fixed with a methanol-acetone mixture of equal volume;HPV testing was done by the indirect immune-peroxidase technique using P16 protein. The excretion of HSV type 1 & 2 was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique using the Simplex Virus type 1 & 2 Rabbit anti-Herpes from DAKO (France). Results: The two groups of women were compared with the chi square test with a significance threshold of P 0.05. The average age was 40.07 with extremes of 21 and 71 years and a standard deviation of 9.99. Of the 34 HIV+ patients, 23 had an abnormal cervix compared to 36 cases of abnormal cervix among HIV- with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.006649). 12 cases of dysplasia were observed in the 34 HIV+ women and distributed as follows: 0% of mild dysplasia, 18.92% of moderate dysplasia and 13.51% of severe dysplasia. In HIV- women we detected 6 cases of dysplasia including 1.35% of mild dysplasia, 4.05% of moderate dysplasia and 2.70% of severe dysplasia. Regarding HPV infection, we observed 21 cases of HPV among 34 HIV+ women (61.76%) against 23 cases in HIV-lesions remains high in HIV+ women, hence the need to include routine screening for precancerous lesions in all HIV+ women at all ages, as well as the routine search for HPV excretion in all those with cellular dysplasia.

Caesarean Section in African Setting: Current Situation, Problematic and Qualitative Approaches at Laquintinie Hospital (Douala, Cameroon)

Background: Quality control of care aims to reduce or eliminate unnecessary care and to improve the quality of those who are useful both in their indication and in their implementation. Objective: We conducted this study to assess the rate of caesarean section, the rate of irrelevant indications, materno-foetal morbidity and mortality, biases in the management in order to suggest corrective approaches. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the gynaeco-obstetrics department of the Laquintinie Hospital of Douala over a period of 4 months from January 1 to April 30, 2017. We included all pregnant women who had a caesarean section and who gave consent to our study as well as new-borns from these caesareans. We excluded caesarean deliveries from other health structures and referred to Laquintinie Hospital due to morbid operative follow-up. The variables collected were grouped under 3 main headings: socio-demographic data, clinical data and post-operative follow-up. Results: A total of 281 caesarean sections were performed out of a total of 967 deliveries;a caesarean section rate of 29.06% in 4 months. After data mining, 250 caesarean sections were included in the study because 31 cases of caesarean deliveries were unusable. Referred pregnancies accounted for 46.8% of the total population and the most common reason for referral was stationary labour (23% of cases). All caesareans were performed by the gynaeco-obstetricians. Women who had caesarean deliveries were informed by the operator of the surgical procedure in 28.4% of cases and 27.6% were notified of the indication for surgery. The operative kit was present in 98% of cases. The operating room was available in 93% of cases. Caesareans were performed mostly in an emergency context (91.2%) with a median turnaround time of 214 minutes (3 h 56 mins). Mechanical dystocia was the major indication in our series (21.2%) and 29 indications were irrelevant (11.6%). Intraoperative complications occurred in 3.2% of cases. Overall maternal mortality (per- and post-operative) was 0.8% (2 cases). We recorded 15 neonatal deaths out of which 8 were still births. Regarding the postoperative period, 78% of the operated patients did not have a good immediate postoperative monitoring. The post-operative protocol was not respected in 17% of cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 21.6% of patients with first cause being infections (10.8% with 5.6% being parietal suppurations). Conclusion: The frequency of Caesarean sections at Laquintinie Hospital is above the World Health Organization’s recommendations of 5% - 15%. There is a very big delay in the execution time of emergency caesareans, far above the international standards despite the quasi-availability of operating kits and the operating theatre. The state of the premises reveals a sub-workforce creating work overload and therefore a demotivation of the staff leading to insufficient communication between the operator and operated, a lack of postoperative follow-up and significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hence the need to initiate a staff satisfaction survey.

The Problem of Traditional African Pharmacopoeia in Obstetrics: Use of Plants for Utero-Tonic Purposes and Materno-Fetal Outcome in Douala (Cameroon)

Introduction: The use of traditional preparations for the induction or acceleration of labor remains a common practice in our country in particular and in Africa in general with sometimes derogatory outcomes for the mother and the fetus. Goal: The objective was to assess immediate maternal and neonatal outcomes in women who reported having used the traditional pharmacopoeia for utero-tonic purposes. Methodology: We conducted a multi-centric cross- sectional study with prospective data collection in the maternities of the Laquintinie Hospital, Bonassama District and Nylon Hospitals. It took place over a period of seven months, from 1st October 2016 to 31st April 2017. This included all women who reported having used the unconventional pharmacopoeia for utero-tonic purposes before or after contractions started. The student and Chi-square tests were interpreted at the statistical threshold of 5% and the 95% confidence intervals. Results: We recruited 168 cases, 68.5% of the 245 women interviewed. The mean age was 27.1 ± 0.41 years;55% of our respondents had a secondary level of education;80% of them were admitted at term and 43% were multiparous. Nulliparity predisposed to traditional pharmacopoeia use (RR = 1.55, CI = 0.79 - 3.03) but primiparity reduced this risk (RR = 0.4, CI = 0.24 - 0.926). Stimulation of labor was the first indication in 85% of women, the rectal evacuation enema was the main route used (67%). The majority of plants used were those of the families Asteraceae, Anthericaceae, and Malvaceae. In per partum, 42% had a brilliant dilatation;there was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of dynamic dystocia (CI = 0.28 - 1.54, p = 0.006) and the risk of perineal tear (RR = 3.13, CI = 1.68 - 5.85;p = 0.007). The APGAR score at 5 min of life was less than 7 in 64% of cases (p = 0.027). The caesarean section rate was 69%. Conclusion: Traditional products with uterotonic effects are frequently used and unregulated with its corollary of materno-fetal complications.

Kaolin Clay Consumption and Pregnancy:Prevalence,Hematological Consequences and Outcome of Labour in the Douala

Objective: To determine the prevalence, haematological repercussions and prognosis of childbirth in the event of consumption of kaolin during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: It was a study over a period of 3 months at the Laquintinie Hospital Douala. It compared two groups of women, one of whom had consumed kaolin during pregnancy (exposed group) and the other had not consumed it (non-exposed group). Results: A total of 342 women were included in our study, 121 (35.4%) of whom had consumed kaolin during pregnancy. Women exposed to this consumption (P < 0.05) after univariate analysis were those of pregnant women from the Far North (OR = 3.37, CI: 1.29 - 8.79, P = 0.013), single (OR = 1.65, CI = 1.05 - 2.59, P = 0.029), those with primary education (OR = 2.25, CI = 1.06 - 4.79, P = 0.035) and those with HIV (OR = 2.75, IC = 1.02-7.43, P = 0.045). Consumption was more frequent in the first trimester of pregnancy (37%) and in the third quarter (34%), at a predominantly weekly rate (47.9%). The most frequently cited reasons were envy (82%), and nausea (45%). This consumption was associated with a risk of premature delivery (RR = 2.26, IC = 1.27 - 4.05, P = 0.001), yellowish amniotic fluid (RR = 4.66, IC = 1.81 - 11, P = 0.001), birth weight < 2500 g in newborns (RR = 1.72, IC = 3.36 - 9.56, P = 0.025), but increased the probability of delivery (RR = 1.94, IC = 0.96 - 3.90, P = 0.039). For the hematological aspect, the occurrence of anemia (RR = 1.55, IC = 0.97 - 2.31, P = 0.003) and a decrease in mean hemoglobin concentration (RR = 1.29, IC = 0.83 - 2.03, P = 0.041) were associated with kaolin in pregnancy. After multivariate logistic regression, the complications included premature delivery, yellowish colour of the amniotic fluid and decreased hemoglobin. Conclusion: The use of kaolin is a frequent feeding behavior in pregnancy, mainly motivated by envy, which nevertheless presents serious maternal and fetal complications.