International cooperation and collaborations played an important role in the economic and educational development of several countries.In the 1950s and 1960s external aid was an important modality to establish coopera...International cooperation and collaborations played an important role in the economic and educational development of several countries.In the 1950s and 1960s external aid was an important modality to establish cooperation between countries,especially between developing and developed countries.Cross-border activities in higher education used to take place mostly through cooperation projects and academic exchange programmes.The political returns to aid declined during the post-cold war period.Therefore,incentives to extend aid declined and markets and trade became more accepted modes of cooperation and collaboration in all sectors including education.International collaborations of today are very often motivated by economic incentives and are mediated through markets.The franchising and twinning arrangements,establishment of branch campuses,and promotion of cross-border student mobility are examples of market-based collaborative efforts in higher education.This paper discusses Indian cooperation and collaborations with foreign institutions focusing also on such efforts among the BRICS countries.It argues that the collaboration efforts among the BRICS countries may be more influenced by government-to-government efforts than mediated by markets.The paper shows that the BRICS countries at present are more engaged in cooperation and collaborations in higher education with developed countries.Collaborations among the BRICS countries are rather limited and are still at the nascent stages.Therefore,government initiatives and public action are needed at this stage to promote cooperation and expand collaboration in higher education among BRICS countries.展开更多
文摘International cooperation and collaborations played an important role in the economic and educational development of several countries.In the 1950s and 1960s external aid was an important modality to establish cooperation between countries,especially between developing and developed countries.Cross-border activities in higher education used to take place mostly through cooperation projects and academic exchange programmes.The political returns to aid declined during the post-cold war period.Therefore,incentives to extend aid declined and markets and trade became more accepted modes of cooperation and collaboration in all sectors including education.International collaborations of today are very often motivated by economic incentives and are mediated through markets.The franchising and twinning arrangements,establishment of branch campuses,and promotion of cross-border student mobility are examples of market-based collaborative efforts in higher education.This paper discusses Indian cooperation and collaborations with foreign institutions focusing also on such efforts among the BRICS countries.It argues that the collaboration efforts among the BRICS countries may be more influenced by government-to-government efforts than mediated by markets.The paper shows that the BRICS countries at present are more engaged in cooperation and collaborations in higher education with developed countries.Collaborations among the BRICS countries are rather limited and are still at the nascent stages.Therefore,government initiatives and public action are needed at this stage to promote cooperation and expand collaboration in higher education among BRICS countries.
