Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions:Kinetics and isotherms

Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil,base-extracted soil（BE）,humic acid（HA） and humin（HM） were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorption onto different soil organic matters（SOMs）.It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model.The half of the time to reach equilibrium（t1/2） for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil 〉 HA 〉 BE 〉 HM.Furthermore,the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity（Ceq） was found in the sequence of HA 〉 BE 〉 HM 〉 soil,which agreed well with the experimental results.The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm,but BE and HM by the L-type.The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation.The Kd value,defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations,generally followed the order of HM 〉 HA 〉 soil 〉 BE.Separated HM and HA showed high affnity for Triton X-100,but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals.Thus,the HA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption,whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.

Mechanism of combination membrane and electro-winning process on treatment and remediation of Cu^(2+) polluted water body

Mechanism of treatment and remediation of synthetic Cu^2＋ polluted water body by membrane and electro-winning combination process was investigated.The influences of electrolysis voltage,pH,and electrolysis time on the metal recovery effciencies were studied.Relationship between trans-membrane pressure drop（△P）,additions ratio,initial Cu^2＋ concentration on operating effciency,stability of membrane and the possibility of water reuse were also investigated.The morphology of membrane and electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,the composition of surface deposits was ascertained using combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDX） and atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The results showed that using low pressure reverse osmosis（LPRO）,Cu^2＋ concentration could increase from 20 to 100 mg/L or even higher in concentrated solutions and permeate water conductivity could be less than 20 μS/cm.The addition of sodium dodecy/sulfate sodium dodecyl sulfate improved Cu^2＋ removal effciency,while EDTA had little side influence.In electro-reduction process,using plante electrode cell,Cu^2＋ concentration could be further reduced to 5 mg/L,and the average current effciency ranged from 9% to 40%.Using 3D electrolysis treatment,Cu^2＋ concentration could be reduced to 0.5 mg/L with a current effciency range 60%-70%.

金沙江典型河段浮游藻类群落结构及影响因素研究

为研究金沙江典型河段浮游藻类的群落结构特征及主要影响因素,于2014年秋季(10月)在石鼓至宜宾江段布设6个断面进行浮游藻类群落监测。通过显微镜观察,共鉴定出浮游藻类6门30属52种,其中硅藻的物种数、细胞密度和生物量分别占65.38%,74.07%和80.65%,是优势门类。浮游藻类总细胞密度和生物量都呈现坝上逐渐降低、坝下逐渐升高的规律,石鼓最高,向家坝最低。多样性分析表明,攀枝花的浮游藻类群落多样性最高,溪洛渡和向家坝均较低。浮游藻类与环境因子的RDA分析表明,总氮是影响浮游藻类群落结构的主要环境因子。优势属现存量与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,包括尖针杆藻Synedra acus和曲壳藻Achnanthes sp.在内的6种硅藻与水位正相关,与水温负相关,是适合在低温下生活的藻类,小环藻Cyclotella sp.则适合在温度较高的环境中生长。网状空星藻Coelastrum reticulatum、栅藻Scenedesmus sp.、尖尾蓝隐藻Chroomonas acuta和小环藻Cyclotella sp.的现存量与总氮显著正相关,能够指示水体中的氮浓度;近缘桥弯藻Cymbella affinis和谷皮菱形藻Nitzschia palea的现存量与总磷呈显著正相关,能够指示水体中的磷浓度。

A study of electron-shuttle mechanism in Klebsiella pneumoniae based-microbial fuel cells

In microbial fuel cell (MFC), the rate of electron transfer to anode electrode is a key intrinsic limiting factor on the power output of MFCs. Using Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) strain L17 as biocatalyst, we studied the mechanism of electron shuttle via self-producing mediator in a cubic air-chamber MFC. To eliminate the influence of biofilm mechanism, the anode electrode was coated with microfiltration membrane (0.22 μm). Data showed that the microfiltration membrane coated and uncoated MFCs achieved the maximum voltage outputs of 316.2 and 426.2 mV after 270 and 120 h, respectively. When the medium was replaced in MFCs that had the highest power generation, the power output dropped by 62.1% and 8.8%, and required 120 and 48 h to resume the original level in the coated and uncoated MFCs, respectively. The results suggested an electron-shuttle mechanism rather than biofilm mechanism was responsible for electricity generation in the membrane coated MFC. Cyclic voltammetric measurements demonstrated the presence of an electrochemical active compound produced by K. pneumoniae strain L17, which was identified to be 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinon (2,6-DTBBQ) by GC-MS. 2,6-DTBBQ, as a recyclable electron shuttle, could transfer electrons between K. pneumoniae L17 and the anode electrode.

Treatment of landfill leachate by immobilized microorganisms

This paper focuses on the outcome and the main performance of the immobilized microbial that treats landfill leachate. Based on the analysis of COD and ammonia-nitrogen of the influent and effluent, research was done on the high removal efficiency of COD and ammonium nitrogen by immobilized microbial. The leachate composition was analyzed qualitatively using GC-MS before and after being treated. Biological loading of efficient microbial flora on the carrier was measured by Kjeldahl’s method. Finally, the patterns of immobilized microbe were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that in immobilized microorganisms system, the efficiencies of COD and nitrogen were 98.3% and 99.9%, respectively. There was a great reduction of organic components in effluent. When the immobilized biomass on the carrier was 38 g·L?1 (H2O), the filamentous microorganism was highly developed. There was no inhibitory effect on the nitrobacteria and nitrococcus, when ammonia was over 200 mg·L?1 and NH3 over 150 mg·L?1. At a high organic loading, it still had good nitrification. This paper also compares the performance of immobilized microbial with free microbial under the same condition. The immobilized microbial technology demonstrated better than the latter in all aspects.

长江武汉江段鱼类群落结构及其多样性研究

基于2013～2015年、2017年在长江武汉段的鱼类监测数据,采用多样性指数和多元统计方法分析了该江段的鱼类群落结构.4年共监测到鱼类56种,隶属于7目12科41属;鲤形目共38种,优势十分明显;不同年份间的鱼类物种数差别不大.从食性看,肉食性鱼类多于杂食性鱼类多于植食性鱼类;从栖息水层看,底栖性鱼类多于中上层鱼类多于中下层鱼类;从活动类型看,定居性鱼类占绝对优势.多样性指数年际变化不大,鱼类群落较为稳定.2017年的鱼类规格较2013～2015年有所提升.ABC曲线及W统计表明鱼类群落受到的扰动不大.Cluster分析和NMDS分析表明鱼类群落可以分为两组,但ANOSIM检验表示两组间无明显差异.SIMPER分析表明,2017年适应流水环境的鱼类的丰度有所增加,适应静水、缓流环境的鱼类有所减少.总体上,长江武汉江段的鱼类群落较为稳定,且鱼类规格有增大的趋势.建议强化禁渔措施和人工增殖放流措施,开展渔业资源长期监测,保护长江武汉江段渔业资源,确保可持续利用.

Structural characteristics of river networks and their relations to basin factors in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins

The integration of rivers and basins highly implies the possible existence of certain relationships between hierarchical characteristics of river networks and primary basin factors.Here we investigated river networks in two large basins,the Yangtze River and the Yellow River,characterized with basic factors such as annual precipitation,slope,soil erodibility and vegetation.Hierarchical analysis demonstrated a fair self-similarity of river networks at the stream-order 1-5 in both rivers,described by the structural parameters including bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,drainage density,and length of headwater-river.Besides precipitation,basin slope was essential in shaping river networks in both basins,showing a significant positive correlation(R^2=0.39-0.85)to bifurcation ratio,side-branching ratio,and drainage density.Given the same basin slope(5°-15°),the higher soil erodibility and sparse vegetation would promote greater side-branching ratio and drainage density in the Yellow River,which were estimated 11.97%and 63.70%larger,respectively than those in the Yangtze River.This study highlights the importance to formulate basin-specific strategies for water and soil conservation in terms of different structures of river networks.

Microscopic view of phytoplankton along the Yangtze River

Phytoplankton play an important role in nutrient cycling and energy conversion. However, phytoplankton community is poorly understood in large river ecosystems. Based on the large-scale samplings conducted in spring and autumn of 2017, a systematic study has been made on seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton community along the mainstream of the Yangtze River. As results, 6 phyla were identified and 59 phytoplankton species were detected using microscopy, including Bacillariophyta(29 species), Chlorophyta(13 species) and Cyanophyta(8 species) as the dominant group. Moreover, the density of phytoplankton was ranged 0.05×10^6–1.90×10^6 cells/L and the biomass was 0.01–1.01 mg/L, both reaching their maximum in the middle reach from Yichang to Wuhan. Significant seasonal difference of phytoplankton community was observed and spatial dissimilarity in spring was revealed. The cell abundance and biomass of phytoplankton could be fairly estimated by chlorophylla, and redundancy analysis indicated that water temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrite, and ammonia nitrogen were the most important explanatory environmental factors for phytoplankton compositions in the Yangtze River.