金针菇添加形式对面条品质特性的影响

本文研究了添加金针菇粉(2.5%～10%)和金针菇浆(10%～40%)对面条品质特性的影响,并对两种添加方式进行了比较分析。研究表明,随金针菇添加量增多,面条的吸水率、延伸率、断条率、烹煮损失总体呈增高趋势,白度则逐渐降低,硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性和最大剪切力呈先降低后上升趋势,金针菇粉添加量超过7.5%时感官评分显著降低。总体而言,金针菇粉添加量不超过5%、金针菇浆不超过40%时,面条品质与对照接近。在金针菇干物质添加量相同时,菇浆面条品质优于菇粉面条。本研究为金针菇在面条中的合理添加应用提供了理论依据。

添加平菇粉对面条品质特性的影响

平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)是我国常见食用菌之一,将平菇粉添加于面条中,能够改善面条的营养价值,缓解平菇的产销矛盾。研究了平菇粉添加量(1%~4%)对面条烹煮特性、感官品质、质构特性和面团动态流变特性的影响。结果表明,随平菇粉添加量增加,面条吸水率先升高后降低,在添加量为3%时达最大值。烹煮损失率则逐渐增加:当平菇粉添加量为4%时,面条出现少量断条,且延伸率也降低;当平菇粉添加量不超过3%时,感官品质无明显下降。添加平菇粉之后,面条的弹性、黏着性、胶着性呈先下降后上升的趋势,在添加量为3%时出现拐点;面条弹性、回复性和最大剪切力在平菇粉添加量为3%时呈最大值。随平菇粉添加量的增加,面团的储能模量(G′)逐渐增高,而损耗模量(G″)则略有增高,样品中粘性和弹性的比例(tanδ)则先增高后降低。总体而言,平菇粉添加量为3%时所制面条品质较好,具体表现为吸水率较高,粘弹性较好,感官品质、断条率、烹煮损失率、延伸率等均与对照接近。本研究为平菇粉在面条中的添加应用提供了理论依据。

杏鲍菇紫薯复合馒头制作工艺研究

杏鲍菇和紫薯产量高、营养丰富,与小麦粉具有很好的营养互补效应,将其替代部分小麦粉能够改善馒头的营养特性,丰富产品种类.首先通过单因素试验分别研究了杏鲍菇粉和紫薯粉添加比例、加水量、揉面时间和发酵时间4个因素对复合馒头感官品质的影响,然后采用正交试验优化了杏鲍菇紫薯复合馒头的最佳制作工艺.结果表明,复合馒头的最佳制作工艺为:杏鲍菇粉5%,紫薯粉5%,加水量56%,揉面时间6 min,醒发时间60 min.在此工艺条件下制作的复合馒头感官品质较好,该研究为杏鲍菇和紫薯的深加工提供了有益参考.

3种常见食用菌营养成分和嘌呤物质含量分析

金针菇(Flammunila velutipes)和杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii)是我国工厂化栽培程度最高的2种食用菌,平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)是常见食用菌之一。通过对3种食用菌的营养成分和嘌呤物质含量进行检测分析,结果显示,杏鲍菇、金针菇、平菇干粉的蛋白质含量分别为16.39%、20.64%、21.24%,氨基酸总量为16.59%、17.83%、16.38%,且必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量较高;总糖含量分别为39.60%、21.30%、30.58%,多糖含量分别为38.10%、19.73%、25.86%;膳食纤维含量分别为34.03%、37.27%、41.85%,且主要是不溶性膳食纤维;脂肪含量分别为5.13%、5.51%、5.54%;灰分含量分别为4.90%、7.23%、9.47%,且呈高钾低钠模式;嘌呤物质总量分别为416 mg/100g、288 mg/100g、244 mg/100g,且以腺嘌呤为主。本研究为这三种食用菌的精深加工和科学食用提供了理论依据。

原料特性及打印参数对食品3D打印制品品质的影响

综述了淀粉类、亲水胶体类、肉类等食材的3D打印特性,分析了打印温度、打印速度、内部填充率、打印喷头直径等打印参数对3D打印制品品质的影响。

添加金针菇粉和山药粉对馒头品质的影响

以不同比例的金针菇粉和山药粉替代部分小麦粉应用于馒头的制作,采用单因素试验方法,以感官评分为指标,优化了金针菇馒头、山药馒头、金针菇山药复合馒头的配方,并在此基础上比较了不同馒头的质构特性、贮藏老化特性和淀粉体外消化率。结果表明,金针菇馒头中金针菇粉的最适添加量为2.5%,最适加水量为52%;山药馒头中山药粉的最适添加量为5.0%,最适加水量为62%;金针菇山药复合馒头中金针菇粉和山药粉的最适添加比例为1∶3,总添加量为5.0%,最适加水量为56%,并且改善了二者单独添加所制馒头的质构特性。金针菇粉和山药粉的添加会在一定程度上对馒头的老化产生不良影响,但有利于降低馒头的消化率,有平稳餐后血糖的作用。本研究为开发营养且品质俱佳的金针菇山药复合馒头提供了一定的理论基础。

Soil Cellulase Activity and Fungal Community Responses to Wetland Degradation in the Zoige Plateau, China

Four soil types(peat, marsh, meadow, and sandy) in the Zoige Plateau of China are associated with the severity of wetland degradation. The effects of wetland degradation on the structure and abundance of fungal communities and cellulase activity were assessed in these 4 soil types at 3 depths using DGGE(Denatured Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), q PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR),and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assays. Cellulase activity and abundance of the fungal community declined in parallel to the level of wetland degradation(from least to most disturbed). DGGE analysis indicated a major shift in composition of fungal communities among the4 soil types consistent with the level of degradation.Water content(WC), organic carbon(OC), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN), and available phosphorus(AP) were strongly correlated with cellulase activity and the structure and abundance of the fungal community.The results indicate that soil physicochemical properties(WC, OC, TN, TP, AN, and AP), cellulase activity, and diversity and abundance of fungal communities are sensitive indicators of the relative level of wetland degradation. WC was the major factorinvolved in Zoige wetland degradation and lower WC levels contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of the fungal community and reduction in cellulase activity.

Responses of soil inhabiting nitrogen-cycling microbial communities to wetland degradation on the Zoige Plateau,China

The wetlands on the Zoige Plateau have experienced serious degradation,with most of the original marsh being converted to marsh meadow or meadow.Based on the 3 wetland degradation stages,we determined the effects of wetland degradation on the structure and relative abundance of nitrogencycling(nitrogen-fixing,ammonia-oxidizing,and denitrifying) microbial communities in 3 soil types(intact wetland:marsh soil;early degrading wetland:marsh meadow soil;and degraded wetland:meadow soil) using 454-pyrosequencing.The structure and relative abundance of nitrogen-cycling microbial communities differed in the 3 soil types.Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in most soil samples but the most abundant soil nitrogenfixing and denitrifying microbial bacteria differed at the class,order,family,and genus levels among the 3soil types.At the genus level,the majority of nitrogenfixing bacterium sequences related to Bradyrhizobium were from marsh and marsh meadow soils;whereas those related to Geobacter originated from meadow soil.The majority of ammonia-oxidizing bacterium sequences related to Nitrosospira were from marsh(except for the 40-60 cm layer),marsh meadow and meadow soils;whereas those related to Candidatus Solibacter originated from 40-60 cm layer of marsh soil.The majority of denitrifying bacterium sequences related to Candidatus Solibacter and Anaeromyxobacter were from marsh and meadow soils;whereas those related to Herbaspirillum originated from meadow soil.The distribution of operational taxonomic units(OTUs)and species were correlated with soil type based upon Venn and Principal Coordinates Analysis(PCoA).Changes in soil type,caused by different water regimes were the most important factors influencing compositional changes in the nitrogen-fixing,ammonia-oxidizing,and denitrifying microbial communities.