蒸散发是地表水文循环和能量交换过程的重要组成部分,且在高寒山区有极强的时空异质性,准确模拟蒸散发对于研究高寒山区水文循环过程有着重要的意义。CLM5.0(Community Land Model5.0)是CLM模式的最新版本,具有较为完善的水文循环机制,...蒸散发是地表水文循环和能量交换过程的重要组成部分,且在高寒山区有极强的时空异质性,准确模拟蒸散发对于研究高寒山区水文循环过程有着重要的意义。CLM5.0(Community Land Model5.0)是CLM模式的最新版本,具有较为完善的水文循环机制,是目前国际上发展最为完善的陆面过程模式之一。基于典型高寒山区黑河上游五个观测站的观测数据,对CLM5.0的蒸散发模拟性能进行评估。结果表明:CLM5.0在模拟蒸散发时结果总体上可信,其R值的范围在0.601~0.839之间,RSR值的范围在0.964~1.145之间,BIAS值的范围在^(-1).220~-0.597 mm·d^(-1)之间。说明CLM5.0在高寒山区可以较好地捕捉观测到蒸散发的时间趋势,但仍存在一定的低估。非生长季的BIAS值的范围在-0.904~-0.367 mm·d^(-1)之间,生长季的BIAS值的范围在-2.094~-0.794 mm·d^(-1)之间,这表明蒸散发模拟值的低估主要来自生长季的模拟。高寒草甸上R值的范围在0.299~0.651之间,RSR值的范围在1.135~1.332之间,高寒草地上R值为0.209,RSR值为1.450,因此,CLM5.0在草甸的模拟性能优于草地。CLM5.0白天R值的范围在0.605~0.840之间,RSR值的范围在0.252~1.193之间,夜晚R值的范围在0.344~0.651之间,RSR值的范围在0.482~2.966之间,对比可知CLM5.0在白天模拟蒸散发的性能优于夜晚。这些结论可为CLM5.0的应用和改进提供科学依据。展开更多
Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) was used as an early strength component to study its effects on mortar strength, cement paste setting time and early hydration characteristic of cement. And the early strength mechanism of T...Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) was used as an early strength component to study its effects on mortar strength, cement paste setting time and early hydration characteristic of cement. And the early strength mechanism of TIPA at low temperature of 5 ℃ was also discussed. The results showed that, at 5 ℃, the incorporation of TIPA promoted the condensation of cement paste, shortened the initial and final setting time, and accelerated the strength development of specimens at all ages, among which the strength after 3 d increased significantly. The 1, 3, 7, and 28 d compressive strength ratios of the mortars mixed with 1% TIPA could reach 196%, 179%, 160% and 110% respectively, and the mortar strength after 3 d exceeded that of the contrast sample cured at 20 ℃. Under low temperature condition, TIPA could promote the hydration reaction of cement, shorten the induction period and advance the acceleration period. Furthermore, the maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release quantity would be all increased, and the cumulative heat release of the cement mixed with TIPA hydrated for 12 h and 7 d increased 73% and 38% respectively. TIPA could shorten the nucleation and crystal growth (NG) stage and increase its hydration degree significantly, so it promoted cement hydration reaction. Additionally, the hydration reaction rates in phase boundary reaction (I) phase and diffusion reaction (D) phase were increased, and the duration of I process was prolonged, thereby the development of specimen strength would be accelerated. TIPA did not obviously change the types of hydration products, but increased the content of Ca(OH)2 in the samples and the degree of cement hydration. After hydration to 7 d, large amounts of hydration products, whose surface was smooth, were formed and bonded into sheets, and the structural density of samples improved significantly.展开更多
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2018YFC0406702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51739008)+2 种基金Special Fund for Basic Research Business Expenses of Central Public Welfare Research Institute (No. Y419004)Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation Industry Science and Technology ProjectJiangsu Natural Science Fund (No. BK20181516)
文摘Triisopropanolamine (TIPA) was used as an early strength component to study its effects on mortar strength, cement paste setting time and early hydration characteristic of cement. And the early strength mechanism of TIPA at low temperature of 5 ℃ was also discussed. The results showed that, at 5 ℃, the incorporation of TIPA promoted the condensation of cement paste, shortened the initial and final setting time, and accelerated the strength development of specimens at all ages, among which the strength after 3 d increased significantly. The 1, 3, 7, and 28 d compressive strength ratios of the mortars mixed with 1% TIPA could reach 196%, 179%, 160% and 110% respectively, and the mortar strength after 3 d exceeded that of the contrast sample cured at 20 ℃. Under low temperature condition, TIPA could promote the hydration reaction of cement, shorten the induction period and advance the acceleration period. Furthermore, the maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release quantity would be all increased, and the cumulative heat release of the cement mixed with TIPA hydrated for 12 h and 7 d increased 73% and 38% respectively. TIPA could shorten the nucleation and crystal growth (NG) stage and increase its hydration degree significantly, so it promoted cement hydration reaction. Additionally, the hydration reaction rates in phase boundary reaction (I) phase and diffusion reaction (D) phase were increased, and the duration of I process was prolonged, thereby the development of specimen strength would be accelerated. TIPA did not obviously change the types of hydration products, but increased the content of Ca(OH)2 in the samples and the degree of cement hydration. After hydration to 7 d, large amounts of hydration products, whose surface was smooth, were formed and bonded into sheets, and the structural density of samples improved significantly.
