碳化物增强新型因瓦合金的成分优化及热处理工艺研究

因瓦合金因其在居里温度下极低热膨胀系数的显著特性,可用于制备尺寸精度高或尺寸要求恒定的元器件,在航空航天和精密仪器等领域中受到广泛关注。然而,因瓦合金较低的强度限制了应用范围,细化晶粒、固溶强化和沉淀强化是提高因瓦合金强度的主要途径。为制备膨胀系数低且力学强度高的高性能因瓦合金,以典型因瓦合金Fe-36Ni为研究对象,在合金熔炼中添加钒(V)和碳(C)元素,借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征技术,研究了V、C元素添加对热轧成型因瓦合金Fe-36Ni组织形貌的影响及作用机理。研究结果表明,适量添加V和C元素,可在基体中形成细小均匀的钒碳化物(VC)颗粒,该颗粒对基体形成沉淀强化,提高了基体奥氏体组织的均匀性,从而提高了基体强度。过量添加V和C元素,不仅容易造成VC颗粒偏聚,同时还会导致合金中的Si元素在晶界聚集,形成大块硅夹杂,使合金塑性变差,热膨胀系数提高。此外,采用合理的热处理工艺,即低温固溶、超长时效的热处理方法,不仅可使VC相在合金基体组织中均匀析出,形成沉淀强化,还可避免合金中的奥氏体组织的在热处理过程中的异常长大。本研究为制备力学强度高且膨胀系数低的高性能因瓦合金提供了理论支撑。

基于时序NDVI的东平湖菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)遥感提取及时空格局

东平湖是国家南水北调东线工程的重要枢纽.但近年来,东平湖菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)大量繁殖引起河道阻塞、鱼类死亡等事件频发,导致湖区面临很多生态风险.为维护区域生态安全,迫切需要了解菹草群落在东平湖的时空演变特征及驱动因素.利用MODIS植被指数时序数据结合野外调研,建立菹草群落独特的物候曲线,并结合Landsat数据进行了1985-2017年东平湖菹草识别分析.结果表明:32年间菹草群落不断扩张,生境由1991年前零星分布于湖岸发展到2013年蔓延至全湖且连片式分布.菹草群落的增长分为3个阶段:1996年之前,面积增长缓慢,1996年其面积仅10.34km^2; 1996-2001年菹草呈暴发式增长,菹草变为区域优势种; 2001-2017年,菹草面积继续增长,到2017年达49.07 km^2,约占湖区水域面积的40%.经Spearman秩相关分析,菹草面积与湖水营养化水平显著正相关.南水北调东线工程的通水虽使水质有所改善,但东平湖菹草群落仍呈增长态势,应引起足够重视.

Valuation of Lake and Marsh Wetlands Ecosystem Services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.

A Method for Alpine Wetland Delineation and Features of Border: Zoigê Plateau, China

Accurate wetland delineation is the basis of wetland definition and mapping, and is of great importance for wetland management and research. The Zoigê Plateau on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was used as a research site for research on alpine wetland delineation. Several studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern and dynamics of these alpine wetlands, but none have addressed the issues of wetland boundaries. The objective of this work was to discriminate the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands by coupling ecological methods and satellite observations. The combination of Landsat 8 images and supervised classification was an effective method for rapid identification of alpine wetlands in the Zoigê Plateau. Wet meadow was relatively stable compared with hydric soils and wetland hydrology and could be used as a primary indicator for discriminating the upper boundaries of alpine wetlands. A slope of less than 4.5° could be used as the threshold value for wetland delineation. The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) in 434 field sites showed that a threshold value of 0.3 could distinguish grasslands from emergent marsh and wet meadow in September. The median normalized difference water index(NDWI) of emergent marsh remained more stable than that of wet meadow and grasslands during the period from September until July of the following year. The index of mean density in wet meadow zones was higher than the emergent and upland zones. Over twice the number of species occurred in the wet meadow zone compared with the emergent zone, and close to the value of upland zone. Alpine wetlands in the three reserves in 2014 covered 1175.19 km2 with a classification accuracy of 75.6%. The combination of ecological methods and remote sensing technology will play an important role in wetland delineation at medium and small scales. The correct differentiation between wet meadow and grasslands is the key to improving the accuracy of future wetland delineation.

Responses of Alpine Wetlands to Climate Changes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Based on Remote Sensing

The alpine wetlands in QTP(Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau)have been profoundly impacted along with global climate changes.We employ satellite datasets and climate data to explore the relationships between alpine wetlands and climate changes based on remote sensing data.Results show that:1)the wetland NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)and GPP(Gross Primary Production)were more sensitive to air temperature than to precipitation rate.The wetland ET(evapotranspiration)across alpine wetlands was greatly correlated with precipitation rate.2)Alpine wetlands responses to climate changes varied spatially and temporally due to different geographic environments,variety of wetland formation and human disturbances.3)The vegetation responses of the Zoige wetland was the most noticeable and related to the temperature,while the GPP and NDVI of the Qiangtang Plateau and Gyaring-Ngoring Lake were significantly correlated with both temperature and precipitation.4)ET in the Zoige wetland showed a significantly positive trend,while ET in Maidika wetland and the Qiangtang plateau showed a negative trend,implying wetland degradation in those two wetland regions.The complexities of the impacts of climate changes on alpine wetlands indicate the necessity of further study to understand and conserve alpine wetland ecosystems.

结合多源专题数据和目视解译的大区域密集湿地样本数据生产

样本数据是开展湿地制图的研究基础之一,对于数据生产和精度验证具有重要作用。针对湿地生态系统类型多样,大区域的全湿地类型样本生产困难的问题,本研究提出了一种准确、高效的大区域密集湿地样本生产框架。该框架主要包括两部分:首先,基于已有的湿地数据产品,使用规则筛选的方法直接生产稳定的湿地样本点,能够得到河流、湖泊、水库、滨海木本沼泽(红树林)、滩涂的5种湿地类型样本点;其次,基于多源专题数据进行规则筛选,生产潜在湿地样本点,并利用Google Earth Engine大数据云平台、Google Earth平台和Collect Earth平台进行目视解译,以确定潜在湿地样本点的类型属性。本文开展大洲尺度的全湿地类型样本生产,结果表明:本研究共生产了150688个湿地样本点,其中内陆湿地样本点为121412个,滨海湿地样本点为11563个,人工湿地样本点为17693个。13种湿地类型中,湖泊样本点占比最大(39.22%),潟湖样本点占比最小(0.19%)。本文生产了稳定、高质量的湿地样本点,样本数量充足,空间分布合理,能够为湿地分类器的训练和分类结果精度验证提供可靠的数据基础。

全球湿地遥感研究综述:1975年—2020年

在显著气候变化叠加人类活动干扰的背景下,可持续的湿地生态系统管理对于湿地空间信息的需求不断提升,湿地遥感作为重要的交叉学科方向,研究成果日益增多。本文以Web of Science核心合集为数据库,通过检索过去50年湿地遥感论文成果,总结了湿地遥感研究全球发文量和引文量的变化情况;进行文献计量分析,探讨湿地遥感研究的发展历程和发展趋势。论文将湿地遥感研究划分为潜力探索期、框架成形期、快速增长期3个阶段,进而总结分析了不同阶段湿地遥感的研究主题和主要数据源;最后基于VOCviewer软件对湿地遥感研究热点关键词进行综述,从大数据时代背景下的湿地遥感分类及景观动态、精细化的湿地生态参量遥感观测、湿地可持续管理空间决策支持3个方面进行了未来研究趋势的展望。本研究将为理解国际湿地遥感研究发展历史、把握湿地遥感研究国际前沿、进行国内湿地遥感研究布局提供借鉴。

高寒湿地分类的遥感特征优选研究

高寒湿地是青藏高原重要的地表覆盖类型之一,对于水源涵养、调节气候、维护生物多样性等起着关键作用,准确及时获知高寒湿地的时空分布对于湿地的保护和管理十分必要。遥感分类特征优选对湿地制图具有关键性的作用。虽然像光谱特征、纹理特征、地形特征等均在已有研究中有涉及,但鲜有研究聚焦光谱指数特征,深入探讨其数理统计特征和特征优选方法。本研究以甘肃首曲高寒湿地保护区为研究区,基于Sentinel-2数据得到各分类特征(光谱、植被指数、红边指数和水体指数),采用Filter和Wrapper特征选择方法包括Jeffries-Matusita距离、光谱角距离(SAD)、欧氏距离(ED)、RF-RFE算法和Relief-F算法对上述特征进行优选,并利用Filter方法的Z检验进行量化评价。研究表明:(1)所有参与分类的类别中,河流与裸地最容易区分,其次为草原与沼泽,沼泽化草甸与草甸较为难分。对沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸、草原邻近两类可尝试MCARI2、NDWI、DVI、EVI、EWI、IRECI、MCARI、TCARI、UGWI指数进行区分;(2)就不同指数特征对湿地信息提取贡献程度而言,水体指数特征>植被指数特征>红边指数特征;(3)从特征优选方法角度看,Filter方法中的ED距离算法与Relief-F算法表现突出;(4)最终选出适于高寒湿地信息提取的指数有RDVI、NDVI、MSR、RVI、VIgreen、RNDWI、NDWI、NDWI_B、MNDWI、EWI、CIre;(5)从不同分类特征的数理统计指标看,中值特征的分类结果最好,其次是平均值特征。本研究为湿地信息提取在特征变量优选方面提供了一种可迁移且普适性高的方法和思路。

基于Sentinel-2影像的南四湖菹草群落遥感提取研究

基于Sentinel-2遥感数据,选用最大似然监督分类法、随机森林机器学习分类法和基于时序NDVI的物候特征分类法等3种方法,对2021年5月初南四湖沉水植被(菹草群落)进行提取研究,利用同期实测的南四湖菹草群落面积和分布数据对3种方法的提取精度进行分析,结合菹草植被覆盖度分析3种方法对菹草的提取能力。结果表明:①不同方法提取的南四湖菹草群落总面积存在明显差异。监督分类和随机森林方法提取的2021年南四湖菹草群落面积均在100 km^(2)以下,分别为98.97 km^(2)和75.92 km^(2),基于时序NDVI的方法提取面积为207.44 km^(2),最接近实地调查的菹草面积。②无论是全湖还是核心区,监督分类和随机森林法的提取精度均75%左右,平均相对误差(MRE)在0.5左右,平均误差在20~30 km^(2)左右,而基于时序NDVI的方法精度在90%以上,MRE和ME area也最低。③对比植被覆盖度发现,监督分类和随机森林方法只能提取到近湖岸的植被覆盖度较高的菹草,对湖心区覆盖度较低的菹草提取效果差,而时序NDVI的方法对低植被覆盖度菹草群落更敏感,是菹草遥感提取的有效方法。本研究对于创新沉水植被遥感提取方法和指导湖泊生态环境遥感监测具有一定的参考价值。

基于物候差和多时相影像的耕地种植结构遥感调查——以唐山玉田为例

为减少利用遥感光谱特征解译农作物过程中样本选取的主观性误差,同时克服现场调研样本数据不充分的不足。该文基于玉田县物候特征,选择研究所需4个遥感时相,进而结合4时相中耕地地表覆盖状态(绿地和裸地)以及4时相叠置后绿地、裸地的地类组合特征,建立农作物解译标志,从而提取主要的农作物种植结构信息。根据该方法提取的研究区主要作物冬小麦、夏玉米和大白菜的面积与统计数据的相对误差分别为4.01%、3.25%和4.16%,且空间分布符合与实际情况;提取结果总体精度和Kappa系数分别为86.19%和0.83。

Mapping wetland changes in China between 1978 and 2008

Four wetland maps for all China have been produced,based on Landsat and CBERS-02B remote sensing data between 1978 and 2008 (1978,1990,2000 and 2008).These maps were mainly developed by manual interpretation and validated by substantial field investigation in 2009.Based on these maps,we analyzed the 2008 wetland distribution in China and discussed wetland changes and their drivers over the past 30 years.(i) There were about 324097 km 2 of wetlands in 2008,for which inland marshes or swamps were the most common wetland type (35%),with lakes (26%) second.Most of the wetlands were in Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Qinghai and Tibet,occupying about 55% of the national wetland area.(ii) From 1978 to 2008,China's wetland area continually and significantly decreased,by about 33% based on changes in the wetland map.This was in sharp contrast to the increase in artificial wetlands,which increased by about 122%.Inland marshes accounted for the main loss of total wetlands from 1978 to 2000.From 2000 through 2008,riverine and lacustrine wetlands constituted the main wetland loss.Fortunately however,the rate of wetland loss decreased from 5523 to 831 km 2 /a.(iii) The change ratio of lost natural wetlands (including inland and coastal wetlands) to non-wetlands has decreased slightly over the past 30 years.From 1978 to 1990,nearly all natural wetlands (98%) lost were transformed into non-wetlands.However,the ratio declined to 86% from 1990 to 2000,and to 77% from 2000 to 2008.(iv) All Chinese provinces were divided into three groups according to patterns of wetland changes,which could relate to the driving forces of such changes.Tibet was completely different from other provinces,as it was one representative example in which there was a net wetland increase,because of global warming and decreased human activity since 1990.Increased economic development caused considerable wetland loss in most eastern provinces,and artificial wetlands increased.

Protection efficacy of national wetland reserves in China

Wetlands have the most abundant biodiversity,the highest carbon sequestration capacity,and the highest values for ecological services per unit area,of all the world's ecosystems.Practice has shown that establishing reserves is the most effective way of protecting typical ecosystems and their biodiversity,and saving rare or endangered wildlife.The Chinese government's policy is to protect wetland systems by establishing reserves that encompass a massive network of wetlands,including wetland nature re-serves,internationally important wetlands,and wetland parks.Many are already established.The effect of protecting wetland nature reserves at the national level has not yet been reported.We used the latest database evaluating the protection value of wet-land reserves,and remotely sensed wetland maps(1978-2008) ,developed by the same mapping specialists and based on the same classification system,and related environmental data,to evaluate the effects of protecting China's national wetland reserves over the last 30 years.We conclude that(i) the total area of wetland in the national wetland reserves has decreased over the last 30 years to 8152.47 km2,and just 8% of China's net decrease in wetlands;(ii) about 79% of the 91 national wetland reserves are in a poor condition.These are generally located around the Yangtze River,Eastern Coast,the Three Rivers Source,and Southwest China.Protection measures should be undertaken urgently in these areas.Only 15% of national wetland reserves are under sound protection,and these are generally located in the upper reaches of the Songhua River;(iii) although 88% of national wetland re-serves are primitive(relatively natural) ,implying that the site selection has been scientific,a high percentage of national wetland reserves show early warning signs of decline and require urgent attention;(iv) based on our evaluation of protection effects and pressures on ecology,we have made a priority list of national wetland reserves,and propose several protection strategies.

Preliminary estimation of the organic carbon pool in China's wetlands

Accurate estimation of wetland carbon pools is a prerequisite for wetland resource conservation and implementation of carbon sink enhancement plans.The inventory approach is a realistic method for estimating the organic carbon pool in China's wetlands at the national scale.An updated data and inventory approach were used to estimate the amount of organic carbon stored in China's wetlands.Primary results are as follows:(1) the organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is between 5.39 and 7.25 Pg,accounting for 1.3%-3.5% of the global level;(2) the estimated values and percentages of the organic carbon contained in the soil,water and vegetation pools in China's wetlands are 5.04-6.19 Pg and 85.4%-93.5%,0.22-0.56 Pg and 4.1%-7.7%,0.13-0.50 Pg and 2.4%-6.9%,respectively.The soil organic carbon pool of China's wetlands is greater than our previous estimate of 3.67 Pg,but is lower than other previous estimates of 12.20 and 8-10 Pg.Based on the discussion and uncertainty analysis,some research areas worthy of future attention are presented.

Geographical characteristics of China’s wetlands derived from remotely sensed data

In this paper, we report the first wetland mapping of the entire China using Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data. These data were obtained from the Global Land Cover Facility at the University of Maryland spanning from 1999 to 2002. A total of 597 scenes of Landsat images were georeferenced and mosaiced. Manual image interpretation of satellite images was aided with elevation data, soil data, land cover/land use data and Google Earth. The minimum mapping unit is 10 pixel × 10 pixel, equivalent to 9 ha. The aim of our first round of mapping was only targeted at the boundary delineation of any type of wetland except those wetlands that are under agricultural use (i.e., paddy fields), which has already been well mapped by others. Our interpretation results indicate that a total of 359478 km2 of wetlands are of non-agricultural use. Among our preliminarily mapped wetland, 339353 km2 are inland wetland, 2786 km2 are non-agricultural artificial wetland, and 17609 km2 are coastal wetland. Because low-tide is rarely captured in satellite images, an under-estimation of coastal wetland is inevitable. We conducted some statistics based on our mapped wetlands and compared them with those previously obtained from a number of sources including a land cover/land use map made with satellite images during the late 1990s and early 2000s, a marshland map developed in approximately the same period, survey data of coastal wetland in early 1980s, and area data for approximately 400 larger patches of marshland in China compiled in 1996. Because some inconsistencies exist in the guidelines of those different wetland surveys, difference in area is expected. Some further comparison indicates that the wetland distributions derived from the preliminary wetland map are reasonable and more objective than other sources. The mapping process also indicated that the method adopted by us was efficient and cost-effective. We also found that in order to ensure comparability of the wetland maps developed at different times, a set of standard guidelines on the wetland categories to be mapped, and the mapping methods to be used must be well conceived, developed and effectively employed. We carried out some initial geographical analysis on the distribution of wetlands.

最佳波段组合的城市土地利用类型提取

针对Landsat 8陆地成像仪(OLI)遥感影像光谱特征利用率不高等问题,为排除波段间冗余信息的干扰,提高土地利用特征提取的精度,该文以2014年唐山市中心城区Landsat 8OLI遥感影像为主要数据源,开展了基于Landsat 8OLI影像的城市土地利用特征提取的最佳波段选择研究。根据最佳波段选取原则统计波段光谱信息,基于最佳指数因子以及不同土地利用类型的光谱特征曲线,确定波段1、5、7为最适合该遥感影像进行土地利用特征提取的最佳波段组合。

青藏高原湿地遥感监测与变化分析

青藏高原是中国湿地分布较为集中的地区之一,也是全球变化的敏感区。了解青藏高原湿地分布与变化对湿地保护和全球变化研究具有重要意义。基于Landsat 8 OLI(operation land imager)数据,使用面向对象分类方法和人工解译相结合的方式得到2016年青藏高原湿地分布数据,结合2008年湿地分类数据以及高程、流域界线等辅助数据,分析了青藏高原的湿地分布现状和2008—2016年的湿地变化情况。结果表明:①2016年青藏高原研究区湿地总面积为115584 km2。其中,湖泊湿地面积为48737 km2,沼泽湿地面积为34698 km2,河流湿地面积为15927 km2,洪泛湿地面积为15035 km2,人工湿地面积为1188 km2。②2008—2016年,青藏高原湿地总面积增加3867 km2,主要表现为湖泊、河流和洪泛湿地的增加,但同时沼泽湿地减少5799 km2。③青藏高原的湿地分布与变化表现出显著的区域差异性。自然湿地的分布及面积变化集中在4~5km高程范围内,而人工湿地的变化则集中在2~4 km高程范围内;湖泊和洪泛湿地的增加集中在内流区,河流的增加及沼泽的减少集中在外流区。④青藏高原的气温和降水均呈上升趋势,与湿地总体变化呈正相关;各流域冰川面积的变化与湿地变化也具有相关性;人为因素对青藏高原的湿地变化以消极作用为主。该研究为青藏高原环境变化研究与湿地保护提供了有益支持。

历史专题图的大空间范围湿地专题图自动更新

湿地专题图的更新无论是对湿地研究还是湿地管理和保护都具有重要价值。但是由于湿地本身具有显著的时空动态性和空间异质性特征,使得大空间范围湿地专题图的更新面临着周期长、时效性差的挑战。为应对这一挑战,实现大空间范围湿地地图的快速更新,本文提出一种通过提取历史湿地专题图中的信息,对新遥感影像进行自动化的湿地分类制图方法——"迭代解译再组织" IIR (Iterative Interpretation and Reorganization)。针对湿地空间异质性强、稳定样本获取困难等特点,IIR方法通过分别获取不同湿地类型的空间信息和类别属性两个步骤完成湿地的自动更新。为验证该方法在大空间范围湿地图更新中的应用效果,随机选取了位于高海拔地区、高纬度地区、低纬度地区和滨海地区等不同自然地理环境的4个湿地保护区(若尔盖湿地保护区、莫莫格湿地保护区、鄱阳湖湿地保护区和黄河三角洲湿地保护区)进行验证。结果表明IIR方法的湿地制图的总体精度在70%—90%,总体上优于传统监督分类方法。IIR方法对于大的时空尺度背景下湿地专题图更新面临的高时空动态特征具有较好的解决能力。

Using a global reference sample set and a cropland map for area estimation in China

A technically transparent and freely available reference sample set for validation of global land cover mapping was recently established to assess the accuracies of land cover maps with multiple resolutions.This sample set can be used to estimate areas because of its equal-area hexagon-based sampling design.The capabilities of these sample set-based area estimates for cropland were investigated in this paper.A 30-m cropland map for China was consolidated using three thematic maps(cropland,forest and wetland maps)to reduce confusion between cropland and forest/wetland.We compared three area estimation methods using the sample set and the 30 m cropland map.The methods investigated were:(1)pixel counting from a complete coverage map,(2)direct estimation from reference samples,and(3)model-assisted estimation combining the map with samples.Our results indicated that all three methods produced generally consistent estimates which agreed with cropland area measured from an independent national land use dataset.Areas estimated from the reference sample set were less biased by comparing with a National Land Use Dataset of China(NLUD-C).This study indicates that the reference sample set can be used as an alternative source to estimate areas over large regions.