Encrypted traffic identification pertains to the precise acquisition and categorization of data from traffic datasets containing imbalanced and obscured content.The extraction of encrypted traffic attributes and their...Encrypted traffic identification pertains to the precise acquisition and categorization of data from traffic datasets containing imbalanced and obscured content.The extraction of encrypted traffic attributes and their subsequent identification presents a formidable challenge.The existing models have predominantly relied on direct extraction of encrypted traffic data from imbalanced datasets,with the dataset’s imbalance significantly affecting the model’s performance.In the present study,a new model,referred to as UD-VLD(Unbalanced Dataset-VAE-LSTM-DRN),was proposed to address above problem.The proposed model is an encrypted traffic identification model for handling unbalanced datasets.The encoder of the variational autoencoder(VAE)is combined with the decoder and Long-short term Memory(LSTM)in UD-VLD model to realize the data enhancement processing of the original unbalanced datasets.The enhanced data is processed by transforming the deep residual network(DRN)to address neural network gradient-related issues.Subsequently,the data is classified and recognized.The UD-VLD model integrates the related techniques of deep learning into the encrypted traffic recognition technique,thereby solving the processing problem for unbalanced datasets.The UD-VLD model was tested using the publicly available Tor dataset and VPN dataset.The UD-VLD model is evaluated against other comparative models in terms of accuracy,loss rate,precision,recall,F1-score,total time,and ROC curve.The results reveal that the UD-VLD model exhibits better performance in both binary and multi classification,being higher than other encrypted traffic recognition models that exist for unbalanced datasets.Furthermore,the evaluation performance indicates that the UD-VLD model effectivelymitigates the impact of unbalanced data on traffic classification.and can serve as a novel solution for encrypted traffic identification.展开更多
Sulfur speciation and concentration in geothermal water are of great significance for the research and utilization of the water resources.In most situations,it is necessary to determine the total sulfur in geothermal ...Sulfur speciation and concentration in geothermal water are of great significance for the research and utilization of the water resources.In most situations,it is necessary to determine the total sulfur in geothermal water.In this study,the method was established for the determination of determining total sulfur content-the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),with the wavelength of 182.034 nm selected in spectral line of sulfur.It was identified that the optimal working conditions of the ICP-AES instrument were 1200 W for high frequency generator power 9 mm for vertical observation height,0.30 MPa atomizer pressure,and 50 r/min analytical pump speed.The matrix interference of the method was eliminated by the matrix matching method.Using this method,sulfur detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit were 0.028 mg/L and 0.110 mg/L,respectively,whilst the linear range was 0.0-100.0 mg/L.The recovery rate of sample was between 90.67%and 108.7%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was between 0.36%and 2.14%.The method was used to analyze the actual samples and the results were basically consistent with the industry standard method.With high analysis efficiency,the method has low detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit,wide linear range,good precision and accuracy,and provides an important detection method for the determination of total sulfur in geothermal water.展开更多
Osteosarcoma is usually resistant to immunotherapy and,thus primarily relies on surgical resection and high-dosage chemotherapy.Unfortunately,less invasive or toxic therapies such as photothermal therapy(PTT)and chemo...Osteosarcoma is usually resistant to immunotherapy and,thus primarily relies on surgical resection and high-dosage chemotherapy.Unfortunately,less invasive or toxic therapies such as photothermal therapy(PTT)and chemodynamic therapy(CDT)generally failed to show satisfactory outcomes.Adequate multimodal therapies with proper safety profiles may provide better solutions for osteosarcoma.Herein,a simple nanocomposite that synergistically combines CDT,PTT,and chemotherapy for osteosarcoma treatment was fabricated.In this composite,small 2D Ni Fe-LDH flakes were processed into 3D hollow nanospheres via template methods to encapsulate 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)with high loading capacity.The nanospheres were then adsorbed onto larger 2D Ti3C2MXene monolayers and finally shielded by bovine serum albumin(BSA)to form 5-FU@Ni Fe-LDH/Ti3C2/BSA nanoplatforms(5NiTiB).Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that the 5-FU induced chemotherapy,Ni Fe-LDH driven chemodynamic effects,and MXene-based photothermal killing collectively exhibited a synergistic“all-in-one”anti-tumor effect.5NiTiB improved tumor suppression rate from<5%by 5-FU alone to~80.1%.This nanotherapeutic platform achieved higher therapeutic efficacy with a lower agent dose,thereby minimizing side effects.Moreover,the composite is simple to produce,enabling the fine-tuning of dosages to suit different requirements.Thus,the platform is versatile and efficient,with potential for further development.展开更多
The polymorphism of D-Mannitol(mannitol) is reviewed in this paper. It was found that the structure of the stable form is consistent in most literatures, but different authors have given different information about th...The polymorphism of D-Mannitol(mannitol) is reviewed in this paper. It was found that the structure of the stable form is consistent in most literatures, but different authors have given different information about the two metastable forms. Therefore the commonly used nomenclature of mannitol was summarized based on the crystal unit cell parameters with the help of X-ray powder diffraction. Moreover, the crystal growth mechanism of mannitol polymorphs was summarized. Considering the lack of kinetic data for the metastable form especially, a reported method was attempted to apply to δ mannitol in an aqueous cooling crystallization process based on the induction time previously measured, and it was identified that the growth of the δ form follows the two-dimensional(2D) nucleationmediated mechanism. The results also indicate that the method based on induction time and supersaturation should have the potential to be expanded to the metastable polymorphs for the growth property study in a bulk system.展开更多
Given the rise in oil productivity from conventional and unconventional resources in Canada using Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), the need to understand and characterize these techniques, for the purpose of recovery opti...Given the rise in oil productivity from conventional and unconventional resources in Canada using Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), the need to understand and characterize these techniques, for the purpose of recovery optimization, has taken a prominent role in resource management. Chemical flooding has proved to be one of the most efficient EOR techniques. This study investigated the potential of employing Ionic Liquids (ILs) as alternative chemical agents for improving oil recovery. There is very little attention paid to employing this technique as well as few experimental and simulation studies. Consequently, very limited data are available. Since pilot and field studies are relatively expensive and time consuming, a numerical simulation study using CMG-STARS simulator was utilized to explore the efficiency of employing 1-Ethyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium Acetate ([EMIM][Ac]) and 1-Benzyl-3-meth- limidazolium chloride ([BenzMIM][Cl]) with respect to improving medium oil recovery. Eight different lab-scale sandpack flooding experiments were selected to develop a numerical model to obtain the history matching of the experimental flooding results using CMG-CMOST. We observed that the main challenge was tuning the relative permeability curves to achieve a successful match for the oil recovery factor. Finally, a sensitivity study was performed to examine the effect of the chemical injection rate, the chemical concentration, the slug size, and the initiation time on oil recovery. The results showed a noticeable increase in the oil RF when injecting IL compared to conventional waterflooding.展开更多
Many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)–related coronaviruses have been discovered,constituting potential threats to human health.However,it remains unclear whether the currently available va...Many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)–related coronaviruses have been discovered,constituting potential threats to human health.However,it remains unclear whether the currently available vaccines are effective against these coronaviruses.Here,we constructed a wild-type mouse model to evaluate pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus GX/P2V/2017 and neutralization efficacy of the approved tandemrepeat SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain(RBD)vaccine ZF2001.We found that ZF2001-induced cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing antibodies against GX/P2V/2017,and the vaccination alleviated the pathological lung damage caused by GX/P2V/2017 in mice.These results indicate that RBD may work as a promising candidate for pan-coronavirus vaccine development.展开更多
Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or out...Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or outbreak with great economic impact.It has never been reported that P.multocida can cause an epidemic in wild rodents.In June 5–17,2016,more than 1000 rodent deaths of an unknown cause quickly spread in the PuEr City,Yunnan province,southwestern China.Methods:The rodents in affected areas and outside of the epidemic areas were collected and screened for possible known pathogens including Yersinia pestis,rabies virus and hantavirus as well as other bacteria.The possible bacterial pathogens were isolated both by culture medium and by mouse inoculation in parallel.The isolates were identified by the Vitek GNI card and PCR assays for 16S rRNA genes.The pathogen strains were selected for whole genome sequencing analysis.Results:A total of 123 rodents were collected from 25 sample sites at affected area,among of which,all 119 dead rodents were negative for the pathogen under consideration except P.multocida,and all four live rodents were negative for P.multocida.In addition,480 rodents collected from other 23 counties outside of the epidemic area in Yunnan were negative for with P.multocida.A total of 14 strains of P.multocida(six directly isolated from the field rodents and eight from the experimental mice that were injected with the organ substrates from the dead rodents)belonged to serogroup A and serogroup F represented by 9 N and 20 N were identified in these epidemic areas.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the serogroup F strain shared 99%similarity to P.multocida Pm70 from chicken,but contained a 50 k bp insertion sequence.The serogroup A strain shared 95%similarity to P.multocida FDAARGOS_385 from a human patient,but contained four large structural differences.Histological abnormalities were identified in the livers,lungs,hearts and brains of the inoculated mice.Conclusions:The simultaneous occurrence of both serotypes of P.multocida may have caused this sudden onset of mortality across the local rodent population in Yunnan Province,China.Further attention should be paid to this old bacterium in the world.展开更多
The emerging Babesia venatorum upsurges as a potential health threat occurring in China and other endemic countries.Few attempts to isolate and culture the Babesia species had been conducted in vitro.We collected the ...The emerging Babesia venatorum upsurges as a potential health threat occurring in China and other endemic countries.Few attempts to isolate and culture the Babesia species had been conducted in vitro.We collected the questing Ixodes persulcatus from identified endemic areas and allowed them to feed on the severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)mice.The positive mice were chosen to provide positive erythrocytes with asexual B.venatorum for continuous culture in mouse or human erythrocytes in vitro,with RPMI 1640 medium and appropriate serum.With B.venatorum in the SCID mice,erythrocytes were cultured in vitro for confirmation by morphological observations with transmission electron microscopes.Sequences of B.venatorum were then identified by way of conventional PCR amplification.Parasitemia counts monitored the growth of B.venatorum on thin blood smears and real-time quantitative PCR in parallel.As expected,B.venatorum positive mice were harvested by sufficient attacks of I.persulcatus ticks.The erythrocytes of the infected mice were then inoculated and successfully cultured in donated erythrocytes from humans and mice in RPMI 1640 culture medium.Active growth of B.venatorum was well demonstrated in human erythrocytes with 3.3 times parasite-load when compared with a mouse under similar conditions.With the increased subcultures,a prolonged period of detectable parasitemia with much higher peak parasitemia and shorter time to reach peak parasitemia were observed in the following subcultures.A new strategy for isolation and in vitro culture of B.venatorum has been provided with a continuous supply of sufficient pathogens to satisfy human babesiosis's testings and clinical therapies.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Higher Education Institutions of Heilongjiang Province(145209126)the Heilongjiang Province Higher Education Teaching Reform Project under Grant No.SJGY20200770.
文摘Encrypted traffic identification pertains to the precise acquisition and categorization of data from traffic datasets containing imbalanced and obscured content.The extraction of encrypted traffic attributes and their subsequent identification presents a formidable challenge.The existing models have predominantly relied on direct extraction of encrypted traffic data from imbalanced datasets,with the dataset’s imbalance significantly affecting the model’s performance.In the present study,a new model,referred to as UD-VLD(Unbalanced Dataset-VAE-LSTM-DRN),was proposed to address above problem.The proposed model is an encrypted traffic identification model for handling unbalanced datasets.The encoder of the variational autoencoder(VAE)is combined with the decoder and Long-short term Memory(LSTM)in UD-VLD model to realize the data enhancement processing of the original unbalanced datasets.The enhanced data is processed by transforming the deep residual network(DRN)to address neural network gradient-related issues.Subsequently,the data is classified and recognized.The UD-VLD model integrates the related techniques of deep learning into the encrypted traffic recognition technique,thereby solving the processing problem for unbalanced datasets.The UD-VLD model was tested using the publicly available Tor dataset and VPN dataset.The UD-VLD model is evaluated against other comparative models in terms of accuracy,loss rate,precision,recall,F1-score,total time,and ROC curve.The results reveal that the UD-VLD model exhibits better performance in both binary and multi classification,being higher than other encrypted traffic recognition models that exist for unbalanced datasets.Furthermore,the evaluation performance indicates that the UD-VLD model effectivelymitigates the impact of unbalanced data on traffic classification.and can serve as a novel solution for encrypted traffic identification.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Fund Project(SK201908)of the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences.
文摘Sulfur speciation and concentration in geothermal water are of great significance for the research and utilization of the water resources.In most situations,it is necessary to determine the total sulfur in geothermal water.In this study,the method was established for the determination of determining total sulfur content-the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),with the wavelength of 182.034 nm selected in spectral line of sulfur.It was identified that the optimal working conditions of the ICP-AES instrument were 1200 W for high frequency generator power 9 mm for vertical observation height,0.30 MPa atomizer pressure,and 50 r/min analytical pump speed.The matrix interference of the method was eliminated by the matrix matching method.Using this method,sulfur detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit were 0.028 mg/L and 0.110 mg/L,respectively,whilst the linear range was 0.0-100.0 mg/L.The recovery rate of sample was between 90.67%and 108.7%,and the relative standard deviation(RSD)was between 0.36%and 2.14%.The method was used to analyze the actual samples and the results were basically consistent with the industry standard method.With high analysis efficiency,the method has low detection limit and minimum quantitative detection limit,wide linear range,good precision and accuracy,and provides an important detection method for the determination of total sulfur in geothermal water.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(No.82022070,China)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)General Program(No.81872824,China)。
文摘Osteosarcoma is usually resistant to immunotherapy and,thus primarily relies on surgical resection and high-dosage chemotherapy.Unfortunately,less invasive or toxic therapies such as photothermal therapy(PTT)and chemodynamic therapy(CDT)generally failed to show satisfactory outcomes.Adequate multimodal therapies with proper safety profiles may provide better solutions for osteosarcoma.Herein,a simple nanocomposite that synergistically combines CDT,PTT,and chemotherapy for osteosarcoma treatment was fabricated.In this composite,small 2D Ni Fe-LDH flakes were processed into 3D hollow nanospheres via template methods to encapsulate 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)with high loading capacity.The nanospheres were then adsorbed onto larger 2D Ti3C2MXene monolayers and finally shielded by bovine serum albumin(BSA)to form 5-FU@Ni Fe-LDH/Ti3C2/BSA nanoplatforms(5NiTiB).Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that the 5-FU induced chemotherapy,Ni Fe-LDH driven chemodynamic effects,and MXene-based photothermal killing collectively exhibited a synergistic“all-in-one”anti-tumor effect.5NiTiB improved tumor suppression rate from<5%by 5-FU alone to~80.1%.This nanotherapeutic platform achieved higher therapeutic efficacy with a lower agent dose,thereby minimizing side effects.Moreover,the composite is simple to produce,enabling the fine-tuning of dosages to suit different requirements.Thus,the platform is versatile and efficient,with potential for further development.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21406049)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2015202090)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M581283)
文摘The polymorphism of D-Mannitol(mannitol) is reviewed in this paper. It was found that the structure of the stable form is consistent in most literatures, but different authors have given different information about the two metastable forms. Therefore the commonly used nomenclature of mannitol was summarized based on the crystal unit cell parameters with the help of X-ray powder diffraction. Moreover, the crystal growth mechanism of mannitol polymorphs was summarized. Considering the lack of kinetic data for the metastable form especially, a reported method was attempted to apply to δ mannitol in an aqueous cooling crystallization process based on the induction time previously measured, and it was identified that the growth of the δ form follows the two-dimensional(2D) nucleationmediated mechanism. The results also indicate that the method based on induction time and supersaturation should have the potential to be expanded to the metastable polymorphs for the growth property study in a bulk system.
文摘Given the rise in oil productivity from conventional and unconventional resources in Canada using Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), the need to understand and characterize these techniques, for the purpose of recovery optimization, has taken a prominent role in resource management. Chemical flooding has proved to be one of the most efficient EOR techniques. This study investigated the potential of employing Ionic Liquids (ILs) as alternative chemical agents for improving oil recovery. There is very little attention paid to employing this technique as well as few experimental and simulation studies. Consequently, very limited data are available. Since pilot and field studies are relatively expensive and time consuming, a numerical simulation study using CMG-STARS simulator was utilized to explore the efficiency of employing 1-Ethyl-3-Methyl-Imidazolium Acetate ([EMIM][Ac]) and 1-Benzyl-3-meth- limidazolium chloride ([BenzMIM][Cl]) with respect to improving medium oil recovery. Eight different lab-scale sandpack flooding experiments were selected to develop a numerical model to obtain the history matching of the experimental flooding results using CMG-CMOST. We observed that the main challenge was tuning the relative permeability curves to achieve a successful match for the oil recovery factor. Finally, a sensitivity study was performed to examine the effect of the chemical injection rate, the chemical concentration, the slug size, and the initiation time on oil recovery. The results showed a noticeable increase in the oil RF when injecting IL compared to conventional waterflooding.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2303403 and 2021YFC0863400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 82225021 and 32000127)+1 种基金Q.W.is supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Y2022037)G.F.G.is supported by the Yanqi Lake Meeting organized by the Academic Divisions of CAS.
文摘Many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)–related coronaviruses have been discovered,constituting potential threats to human health.However,it remains unclear whether the currently available vaccines are effective against these coronaviruses.Here,we constructed a wild-type mouse model to evaluate pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus GX/P2V/2017 and neutralization efficacy of the approved tandemrepeat SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain(RBD)vaccine ZF2001.We found that ZF2001-induced cross-reactive and cross-neutralizing antibodies against GX/P2V/2017,and the vaccination alleviated the pathological lung damage caused by GX/P2V/2017 in mice.These results indicate that RBD may work as a promising candidate for pan-coronavirus vaccine development.
基金This study was funded by the State Key Research Development Program of China(2016YFC1201902,2016YFC1200301)the Natural Science Foundation of China(81621005,81773492,81760607,81360413)the Program of Cultivation of Technologically Innovative Talents of Yunnan(2014HB093).
文摘Background:Pasteurella multocida is an important and old zoonotic pathogen worldwide which has an impressive host spectrum including numerous domestic and wild animals as well as birds,causing specific diseases or outbreak with great economic impact.It has never been reported that P.multocida can cause an epidemic in wild rodents.In June 5–17,2016,more than 1000 rodent deaths of an unknown cause quickly spread in the PuEr City,Yunnan province,southwestern China.Methods:The rodents in affected areas and outside of the epidemic areas were collected and screened for possible known pathogens including Yersinia pestis,rabies virus and hantavirus as well as other bacteria.The possible bacterial pathogens were isolated both by culture medium and by mouse inoculation in parallel.The isolates were identified by the Vitek GNI card and PCR assays for 16S rRNA genes.The pathogen strains were selected for whole genome sequencing analysis.Results:A total of 123 rodents were collected from 25 sample sites at affected area,among of which,all 119 dead rodents were negative for the pathogen under consideration except P.multocida,and all four live rodents were negative for P.multocida.In addition,480 rodents collected from other 23 counties outside of the epidemic area in Yunnan were negative for with P.multocida.A total of 14 strains of P.multocida(six directly isolated from the field rodents and eight from the experimental mice that were injected with the organ substrates from the dead rodents)belonged to serogroup A and serogroup F represented by 9 N and 20 N were identified in these epidemic areas.Whole genome sequencing revealed that the serogroup F strain shared 99%similarity to P.multocida Pm70 from chicken,but contained a 50 k bp insertion sequence.The serogroup A strain shared 95%similarity to P.multocida FDAARGOS_385 from a human patient,but contained four large structural differences.Histological abnormalities were identified in the livers,lungs,hearts and brains of the inoculated mice.Conclusions:The simultaneous occurrence of both serotypes of P.multocida may have caused this sudden onset of mortality across the local rodent population in Yunnan Province,China.Further attention should be paid to this old bacterium in the world.
基金supported by the State Key Research Development Program of China(2019YFC1200501)State Key Program of Infectious Diseases(2017ZX10303404)Natural Science Foundation of China(81673235 and 81621005).
文摘The emerging Babesia venatorum upsurges as a potential health threat occurring in China and other endemic countries.Few attempts to isolate and culture the Babesia species had been conducted in vitro.We collected the questing Ixodes persulcatus from identified endemic areas and allowed them to feed on the severe combined immunodeficiency(SCID)mice.The positive mice were chosen to provide positive erythrocytes with asexual B.venatorum for continuous culture in mouse or human erythrocytes in vitro,with RPMI 1640 medium and appropriate serum.With B.venatorum in the SCID mice,erythrocytes were cultured in vitro for confirmation by morphological observations with transmission electron microscopes.Sequences of B.venatorum were then identified by way of conventional PCR amplification.Parasitemia counts monitored the growth of B.venatorum on thin blood smears and real-time quantitative PCR in parallel.As expected,B.venatorum positive mice were harvested by sufficient attacks of I.persulcatus ticks.The erythrocytes of the infected mice were then inoculated and successfully cultured in donated erythrocytes from humans and mice in RPMI 1640 culture medium.Active growth of B.venatorum was well demonstrated in human erythrocytes with 3.3 times parasite-load when compared with a mouse under similar conditions.With the increased subcultures,a prolonged period of detectable parasitemia with much higher peak parasitemia and shorter time to reach peak parasitemia were observed in the following subcultures.A new strategy for isolation and in vitro culture of B.venatorum has been provided with a continuous supply of sufficient pathogens to satisfy human babesiosis's testings and clinical therapies.
