Effect of microbiome group on immune checkpoint inhibitors in treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

In recent years,immune checkpoint blockade(ICB)therapy has become an important treatment strategy for gastrointestinal tumors,however,it only benefits about 1/3 of patients.Since the microbiome has been shown to play an important role in the human body for a long time,a growing number of studies are focusing on its relationship to ICB therapy in cancer,specifically how intestinal microbes affect the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)therapy in patients.On this basis,probiotic interventions,fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT),dietary interventions,and other methods which improve or maintain the structure of the intestinal flora have attracted widespread attention.This article discusses the four aspects of the microbiome,ICB,combined treatment of gastrointestinal tumors,and regulation of gut microbiome.Particularly,the discussion focuses on the contribution of probiotic intervention in improving the therapeutic effect of ICIs to prolong the survival time of patients and reduce the severity of immune-related adverse effects(irAEs).

新型乳化体系及其在化妆品中的应用(Ⅴ)——Janus乳液

Janus乳液是内相由两种互不相溶、彼此独立、界面分明的液相组成的单液滴形式的多分散体系,其内相两腔室的物质组成不同,两腔室的性质和形状具有不对称性,是一类特殊类型的各向异性乳液。Janus乳液不但保持了传统乳液的基本性质,其两腔室、多样的界面和灵活的结构、较大的界面面积和独立的空间等独特的结构优势使其对诸多功能性物质的选择性增溶、隔离、保护以及缓释等作用优于传统乳液。Janus乳液具有结构多样、定量可调的特点,可通过改变乳化剂种类、含量及各相的比例等实现对体系内界面的种类、数量和相对面积的调整,进而调控体系性质,以满足不同的使用需求。Janus乳液在化妆品、食品、生物医药以及微反应器等领域具有潜在的应用前景。本文介绍了Janus乳液及其制备方法,总结了影响Janus乳液性质的关键因素,概况了Janus乳液的性能优势。并基于目前对Janus乳液的研究及应用现状,展望了Janus乳液在化妆品领域的应用前景,并简单介绍了另外一种新型各向异性乳液——Cerberus乳液。同时,指出了Janus乳液在化妆品中应用面临的问题,并对有必要开展的研究工作提出了个人观点,旨在为性能优异的Janus乳液的开发及其在化妆品领域的实际应用提供参考信息。

An improved TDE technique for derivation of 2D turbulence structures based on GPI data in toroidal plasma

This paper reports an improved time-delay estimation(TDE)technique for the derivation of turbulence structures based on gas-puff imaging data.The improved TDE technique,integrating an inverse timing search and hierarchical strategy,offers superior accuracy in calculating turbulent velocity field maps and analyzing blob dynamics,which has the power to obtain the radial profiles of equilibrium poloidal velocity,blob size and its radial velocity,even the fluctuation analysis,such as geodesic acoustic modes and quasi-coherent mode,etc.This improved technique could provide important 2D information for the study of edge turbulence and blob dynamics,advancing the understanding of edge turbulence physics in fusion plasmas.

Porous and Ultra-Flexible Crosslinked MXene/Polyimide Composites for Multifunctional Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

Lightweight,ultra-flexible,and robust crosslinked transition metal carbide(Ti3C2 MXene)coated polyimide(PI)(C-MXene@PI)porous composites are manufactured via a scalable dip-coating followed by chemical crosslinking approach.In addition to the hydrophobicity,anti-oxidation and extreme-temperature stability,efficient utilization of the intrinsic conductivity of MXene,the interfacial polarization between MXene and PI,and the micrometer-sized pores of the composite foams are achieved.Consequently,the composites show a satisfactory X-band electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding effectiveness of 22.5 to 62.5 dB at a density of 28.7 to 48.7 mg cm−3,leading to an excellent surface-specific SE of 21,317 dB cm^(2)g^(−1).Moreover,the composite foams exhibit excellent electrothermal performance as flexible heaters in terms of a prominent,rapid reproducible,and stable electrothermal effect at low voltages and superior heat performance and more uniform heat distribution compared with the commercial heaters composed of alloy plates.Furthermore,the composite foams are well attached on a human body to check their electromechanical sensing performance,demonstrating the sensitive and reliable detection of human motions as wearable sensors.The excellent EMI shielding performance and multifunctionalities,along with the facile and easy-to-scalable manufacturing techniques,imply promising perspectives of the porous C-MXene@PI composites in next-generation flexible electronics,aerospace,and smart devices.

Printable Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Film with Outstanding Thermal Conductivity and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance

Ultrathin,lightweight,and flexible aligned single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)films are fabricated by a facile,environmentally friendly,and scalable printing methodology.The aligned pattern and outstanding intrinsic properties render“metal-like”thermal conductivity of the SWCNT films,as well as excellent mechanical strength,flexibility,and hydrophobicity.Further,the aligned cellular microstructure promotes the electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding ability of the SWCNTs,leading to excellent shielding effectiveness(SE)of~39 to 90 dB despite a density of only~0.6 g cm^(−3) at thicknesses of merely 1.5-24μm,respectively.An ultrahigh thickness-specific SE of 25693 dB mm^(−1) and an unprecedented normalized specific SE of 428222 dB cm^(2)g^(−1) are accomplished by the freestanding SWCNT films,significantly surpassing previously reported shielding materials.In addition to an EMI SE greater than 54 dB in an ultra-broadband frequency range of around 400 GHz,the films demonstrate excellent EMI shielding stability and reliability when subjected to mechanical deformation,chemical(acid/alkali/organic solvent)corrosion,and high-/low-temperature environments.The novel printed SWCNT films offer significant potential for practical applications in the aerospace,defense,precision components,and smart wearable electronics industries.

Recent advances in detoxification strategies for zearalenone contamination in food and feed

Zearalenone(ZEN)is a widely distributed mycotoxin that frequently contaminates crops and animal feed.ZEN can cause serious health problems in livestock and humans alike,leading to great economic losses in the food industry and livestock farming.Therefore,approaches for efficient ZEN decontamination in food and feed are urgently needed.Traditional physical and chemical methods may decrease the nutritional quality of food and palatability of feed,or leading to residues and safety concerns.By contrast,biological methods for the removal or degradation of ZEN overcome these problems,especially for biological degradation by microorganisms and specific enzymes extracted from strains that can convert ZEN to less toxic or even completely harmless products.In this review,we comprehensively describe methods for ZEN degradation,focusing especially on biological strategies.Finally,emerging strategies and advice on remaining challenges in biodegradation research are also briefly discussed.

Serum microRNA-221 as a biomarker for diabetic retinopathy in patients associated with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To investigate the candidate microRNA(miRNA), miR-221 as a novel biomarker for diabetic retinopathy(DR) in patients associated with type 2 diabetes(T2D).METHODS: The subjects involved were divided into four groups: healthy control(HC), no diabetic retinopathy(NDR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR) group. Serum miR-221 was validated by real-time quantitative reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). Also, serum angiotensin II(Ang II) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was performed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of miR-221, Ang Ⅱ and VEGF for DR in patients with T2D. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was executed to estimate the correlations of serum miR-221 with metabolic parameters and serum markers in patients with T2D.RESULTS: Primarily, serum miR-221, Ang Ⅱ and VEGF were increased significantly in T2D patients compared to HC participant respectively, and progressive up-regulated in NDR, NPDR and PDR groups(P<0.001). Additionally, miR-221 in serum was remarkably positively correlatedwith metabolic parameters such as glycated hemoglobin(r=0.310, P=0.002) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance(r=0.413, P<0.001), as well as serum markers for instance Ang Ⅱ(r=0.667, P<0.001) and VEGF(r=0.499, P<0.001). Furthermore, serum miR-221(AUC, 0.894; 95%CI, 0.833-0.955; P<0.001), Ang Ⅱ(AUC, 0.888; 95%CI, 0.828-0.949; P<0.001) and VEGF(AUC, 0.785; 95%CI, 0.695-0.875; P<0.001) had evidently diagnostic efficiency in DR, and miR-221 is the most effective among them.CONCLUSION: Serum miR-221 as a potential biomarker could be related to not only occurrence but also progression for DR in patients with T2D. However, a prospective clinical trial is warranted.

Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling versus its flap insertion for macular hole in high myopia: a Meta-analysis

AIM: To compare the anatomic and functional outcomes between vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane(ILM) peeling and internal ILM flap insertion technique for high myopia macular hole(MH).METHODS: Pub Med, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CNKI were systematically searched, and all studies involved MH were included. The closure rate of MH and the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA) at 6 mo after the initial surgery were the primary measures. All statistical tests were performed in Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS: Five studies that included 151 eyes of 151 patients were finally included, all of which were retrospectively comparative studies. Between the pars plana vitrectomy(PPV) with ILM peeling surgery and the ILM insertion technique, the latter had significantly better efficacy with respect to the closure rate of MH(OR=21.32, 95%CI=7.25-62.67, P<0.001);However, regarding BCVA at 6 mo after the initial surgery in MH, there was no statistical significance between the groups(OR=-0.04, 95%CI=-0.22-0.14, P=0.66). In addition, regarding the rate of retinal reattachment after the initial surgery, the two different methods were not significantly different(OR=2.22, 95%CI=0.34-14.32, P=0.4).CONCLUSION: Both ILM peeling and ILM insertion technique could significantly improve anatomic outcomes of MH in high myopia with or without retinal detachment(RD), and anatomic outcomes are more effective. However, there is no statistical significance in BCVA at 6 mo after the initial surgery in MH, or in the rate of retinal reattachment after the first surgery, between the two methods.

Robust copper nanocrystal/nitrogen-doped carbon monoliths as carbon monoxide-resistant electrodes for methanol oxidation reaction

Noble metal-based electrocatalysts present high activities for methanol oxidation reaction(MOR),but are limited by their high cost,low stability and poor resistance to carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning.The development of active and stable non-noble metal electrocatalysts for MOR is desired,but remains a challenge.Herein,we report a simple strategy to make copper nanocrystal/nitrogen-doped carbon(Cu/N-C)monoliths,which can serve as active and robust electrodes for MOR.Copper nanocrystals were electrochemically deposited onto a conductive polyaniline hydrogel and calcined to form Cu/N-C monolith,where the active copper nanocrystals are protected by nitrogen-doped carbon.Owing to their extremely high electrical conductivity(1.25 × 10^(5) S cm^(-1)) and mechanical robustness,these Cu/N-C monoliths can be directly used as electrodes for MOR,without using substrates or additives.The optimal Cu/N-C(FT)@500 monolith shows a high MOR activity of 189 mA cm^(-2) at 0.6 V vs.SCE in alkaline methanol solution,superior to most of reported Cu-based MOR catalysts.Cu/N-C(FT)@500 also presents a better stability than Pt/C catalyst in the long-term MOR test at high current densities.Upon carbon monoxide(CO) poisoning,Cu/N-C(FT)@500 retains 96% of its MOR activity,far exceeding the performance of Pt/C catalyst(61% retention).Owing to its facile synthesis,outstanding activity,high stability and mechanical robustness,Cu/N-C(FT)@500 monolith is promising as a low-cost,efficient and CO-resistant electrocatalyst for MOR.

Analysis and Perspective of Endodontics Standard Resident Training in China

As an important part of postgraduate education,Standard Resident Training(STR)plays a crucial role in the process of culturing a competent dental care provider who can independently treat the common oral infectious diseases.A systematic and comprehensive evaluation system is desiderating for realization of high-quality Endodontics resident training due to its discipline characteristics of highly specialized and strict operation.This paper analyzes the current status of resident training in our Endodontic Department and discusses how to improve the clinical skills and reasoning ability of residents,in order to construct a comprehensive resident training formative evaluation system in China.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Steppe Ribbon Racer(Psammophis lineolatus):The First Representative from the Snake Family Psammophiidae and its Phylogenetic Implications

Comparisons of vertebrate mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)may yield significant insights into the evolution of organisms and genomes.However,no complete mitogenome from the snake family Psammophiidae has been reported.In this study,we sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenome of Psammophis lineolatus,representing the first mitogenome of Psammophiidae.The total length is 17166 bp,consisting of 13 protein-coding genes(PCGs),22 transfer RNAs(tRNAs),two ribosomal RNAs(12 S rRNA and16 S rRNA),and duplicate control regions(CRs).This gene arrangement belongs to the TypeⅢpattern,which is a widely shared gene order in Alethinophidian snakes.All tRNAs exhibit cloverleaf structures with the exception of tRNA-Ser^(AGY) and tRNA-Pro,which lack a dihydrouridine(DHU)arm/stem and TΨC loop,respectively.The 13 PCGs include five start codons(ATG,GTG,ATA,ATT,and ATC),two complete stop codons(TAA and AGG),and two incomplete stop codon(T--and TA-).In addition,the Ka/Ks ratios indicate that all PCGs had undergone a strong purifying selection.Four types of CR domains rearrangement occurred among eight species of Elapoidea.The phylogenetic reconstructions with both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods support the placement of Psammophiidae in the Elapoidea superfamily,with Homalopsidae being the sister taxon to Elapoidea and Colubroidea.However,the sister taxon of Psammophiidae is unclear due to the availability of Elapoidea mitogenomes being limited to the family Elapidae.More mitogenomes from different taxonomic groups in Elapoidea are needed to better understand the phylogenetic relationships within Elapoidea.

Optimization of Enzymatic Extraction of Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate From Bovine Nasal Bone

Taking bovine nasal bone as a raw material,the sodium chondroitin sulfate was extracted by enzymolysis-ion adsorption-alcohol precipitation method,and the enzymolysis process was optimized.After single factor experiments,the response surface analysis was performed by software Design-Expert 8.0,and the optimal enzymolysis conditions were as follows:the trypsin concentration of 0.8%,the pH value of 9.0,the enzymolysis temperature at 52℃,and the enzymolysis time of 2.0 h.With this combination of conditions,the concentration of sodium chondroitin sulfate extract reached 11.3 g/L,the bovine nasal bone yield was 35%,and the finished product content was 92.5%,which provided guidance for industrial production.

Parametric analysis of wheel wear in high-speed vehicles

In order to reduce the wheel profile wear of highspeed trains and extend the service life of wheels, a dynamic model for a high-speed vehicle was set up, in which the wheelset was regarded as flexible body, and the actual measured track irregularities and line conditions were considered. The wear depth of the wheel profile was calculated by the well-known Archard wear law. Through this model, the influence of the wheel profile, primary suspension stiffness, track gage, and rail cant on the wear of wheel profile were studied through multiple iterafive calculations. Numerical simulation results show that the type XP55 wheel profile has the smallest cumulative wear depth, and the type LM wheel profile has the largest wear depth. To reduce the wear of the wheel profile, the equivalent conicity of the wheel should not be too large or too small. On the other hand, a small primary vertical stiffness, a track gage around 1,435-1,438 mm, and a rail cant around 1：35-1：40 are beneficial for dynamic performance improvement and wheel wear alleviation.

Diverse Structural Design Strategies of MXene‑Based Macrostructure for High‑Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

There is an urgent demand for flexible,lightweight,mechanically robust,excellent electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials.Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal carbides/nitrides(MXenes)have been potential candidates for the construction of excellent EMI shielding materials due to their great electrical electroconductibility,favorable mechanical nature such as flexibility,large aspect ratios,and simple processability in aqueous media.The applicability of MXenes for EMI shielding has been intensively explored;thus,reviewing the relevant research is beneficial for advancing the design of high-performance MXene-based EMI shields.Herein,recent progress in MXene-based macrostructure development is reviewed,including the associated EMI shielding mechanisms.In particular,various structural design strategies for MXene-based EMI shielding materials are highlighted and explored.In the end,the difficulties and views for the future growth of MXene-based EMI shields are proposed.This review aims to drive the growth of high-performance MXene-based EMI shielding macrostructures on basis of rational structural design and the future high-efficiency utilization of MXene.

利多卡因雾化吸入复合丙泊酚在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中的应用研究

目的探讨利多卡因雾化吸入复合丙泊酚在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中的作用。方法纳入80例行纤维支气管镜检查的小儿患者,采用随机数表法分为对照组和研究组。对照组予以丙泊酚静脉麻醉,研究组予以利多卡因雾化吸入复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉。对比两组患儿纤维支气管镜检查基础情况(包括检查时间、一次检查成功率和呛咳情况)和镇静满意率,记录纤维支气管镜检查前(T_(1))、检查开始即刻(T_(2))、检查开始后1 min(T_(3))、检查开始后5 min(T_(4))和检查结束即刻(T_(5))的血流动力学指标[包括心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和经皮动脉血氧饱和度(SpO_(2))]和不良反应发生率。结果研究组检查时间短于对照组[(15.14±2.03)和(18.26±2.65)min](P<0.05),呛咳评分低于对照组[(2.13±0.33)和(2.86±0.47)分](P<0.05);两组患儿一次检查成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组镇静满意率为97.50%,明显高于对照组的80.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿HR和MAP组间、时间和交互效应比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿HR和MAP在T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)和T_(5)时点均高于T_(1)时点,且T_(4)、T_(5)时点均低于T_(2)、T_(3)时点,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)和T_(5)时点HR慢于对照组,MAP低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿SpO_(2)组间、时间和交互效应比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患儿不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论使用利多卡因雾化吸入复合丙泊酚,用于小儿纤维支气管镜检查,可以缩短检查时间,减轻呛咳程度,提高镇静满意率,维持血流动力学平稳,值得应用于临床。

Light-Induced Phonon-Mediated Magnetization in Monolayer MoS_(2)

Light-induced ultrafast spin dynamics in materials is of great importance for developments of spintronics and magnetic storage technology.Recent progresses include ultrafast demagnetization,magnetic switching,and magnetic phase transitions,while the ultrafast generation of magnetism is hardly achieved.Here,a strong lightinduced magnetization(up to 0.86μBper formula unit)is identified in non-magnetic monolayer molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)).With the state-of-the-art time-dependent density functional theory simulations,we demonstrate that the out-of-plane magnetization can be induced by circularly polarized laser,where chiral phonons play a vital role.The phonons strongly modulate spin-orbital interactions and promote electronic transitions between the two conduction band states,achieving an effective magnetic field~380 T.Our study provides important insights into the ultrafast magnetization and spin-phonon coupling dynamics,facilitating effective light-controlled valleytronics and magnetism.

Evolution of edge turbulent transport induced by L-mode detachment in the HL-2A tokamak

This paper presents the characteristics of L-mode detachment,together with the behavior of edge turbulent transport and plasma confinement on the HL-2A tokamak.Partially detached and pronounced detached states have been achieved in L-mode plasma.Stored energy was maintained before and after detachment.Edge turbulence and its transport have increased obviously in the partially detached state.In the pronounced detached state,redistribution of the density and temperature profiles due to detachment leads to low amplitude of electron temperature and pressure,as well as very weak edge turbulence and transport.Despite strong plasma radiation in the pronounced detached state,reduced edge turbulent transport contributes to maintaining stored energy in detached L-mode plasma in HL-2A.Different detachment states play an important role in the redistribution of density and temperature profiles,which requires further study.

Control of ovule development in Vitis vinifera by VvMADS28 and interacting genes

Seedless grapes are increasingly popular throughout the world,and the development of seedless varieties is a major breeding goal.In this study,we demonstrate an essential role for the grapevine MADS-box gene VvMADS28 in morphogenesis of the ovule.We found that VvMADS28 mRNA accumulated in the ovules of a seeded cultivar,‘Red Globe’,throughout the course of ovule and seed development,especially within the integument/seed coat.In contrast,in the seedless cultivar‘Thompson Seedless’,VvMADS28 was expressed only weakly in ovules,and this was associated with increased levels of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)within the VvMADS28 promoter region.RNAi-mediated transient suppression of VvMADS28 expression in‘Red Globe’led to reduced seed size associated with inhibition of episperm and endosperm cell development.Heterologous overexpression of VvMADS28 in transgenic tomatoes interfered with sepal development and resulted in smaller fruit but did not obviously affect seed size.Assays in yeast cells showed that VvMADS28 is subject to regulation by the transcription factor VvERF98,and that VvMADS28 could interact with the Type I/MβMADS-domain protein VvMADS5.Moreover,through DNA-affinity purification-sequencing(DAP-seq),we found that VvMADS28 protein specifically binds to the promoter of the grapevine WUSCHEL(VvWUS)gene,suggesting that maintenance of the VvMADS28–VvMADS5 dimer and VvWUS expression homeostasis influences seed development.Taken together,our results provide insight into regulatory mechanisms of ovule and seed development associated with VvMADS28.

R语言在分子流行病学中的应用

通过比较R语言和SPSS软件的特点,重点探讨R语言在分子流行病学领域的应用优势。R语言作为一种自由开源的编程语言,具有强大的数据处理和分析能力,适用于处理大规模和复杂的分子数据。其丰富的统计函数和数据包使得医学院校研究生可以进行高级统计建模和生物信息学分析,满足分子流行病学研究的需求。本研究通过R语言在分子流行病学研究中的应用实例,展示了R语言处理相关数据的功能。医学类高等院校教师应根据时代要求和现实需要,培养研究生应用R语言处理分析大数据的能力。

DNA methylation of SMPD3-based diagnostic biomarkers of NASH and mild fibrosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a liver condition that is widely prevalent across the world.A considerable number of people with NAFLD have the potential to progress to a more severe form of the condition known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),accompanied by bridging fibrosis.This advancement is more likely if the patient has metabolic risk factors such as obesity or type 2 diabetes that deteriorate over time.Additionally,even slight inflammation or fibrosis in NAFLD can significantly increase the likelihood of progression compared to steatosis alone.This underscores the importance of revising the present methods of monitoring NAFLD patients to ensure early detection and effective management of the disease.