A scoping review of non-communicable disease research capacity strengthening initiatives in low and middle-income countries

Introduction:As the epidemic of non-communicable diseases(NCDs)is rapidly developing in low and middleincome countries(LMICs),the importance of local research capacity and the role of contextually relevant research in informing policy and practice is of paramount importance.In this regard,initiatives in research capacity strengthening(RCS)are very important.The aim of this study was to review and summarize NCD research capacity strengthening strategies that have been undertaken in LMICs.Methods:Using both systematic and other literature search,we identified and reviewed NCD-RCS initiatives that have been implemented in LMICs and reported since 2000.Information was extracted from published papers and websites related to these initiatives using a semi-structured checklist.We extracted information on program design,stakeholders involved,and countries of focus,program duration,targeted researchers,disease focus,skill/capacity areas involved and sources of funding.The extracted information was refined through further review and then underwent a textual narrative synthesis.Results:We identified a number of different strategies used by research capacity strengthening programs and in the majority of initiatives,a combination of approaches was utilized.Capacity strengthening and training approaches were variously adapted locally and tailored to fit with the identified needs of the targeted researchers and health professionals.Most initiatives focused on individual level capacity and not system level capacity,although some undoubtedly benefited the research and health systems of LMICs.For most initiatives,mid-term and long-term outcomes were not evaluated.Though these initiatives might have enhanced research capacity in the immediate term,the sustainability of the results in the long-term remains unknown.Conclusion:Most of NCD-RCS initiatives in LMICs focused on building individual capacity and only a few focused explicitly on institutional level capacity strengthening.Though many of the initiatives appear to have had promising short-term outcomes,evidence on their long-term impact and sustainability is lacking.