A Novel Framework for Multi-Classification of Guava Disease

Guava is one of the most important fruits in Pakistan,and is gradually boosting the economy of Pakistan.Guava production can be interrupted due to different diseases,such as anthracnose,algal spot,fruit fly,styler end rot and canker.These diseases are usually detected and identified by visual observation,thus automatic detection is required to assist formers.In this research,a new technique was created to detect guava plant diseases using image processing techniques and computer vision.An automated system is developed to support farmers to identify major diseases in guava.We collected healthy and unhealthy images of different guava diseases from the field.Then image labeling was done with the help of an expert to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy fruit.The local binary pattern(LBP)was used for the extraction of features,and principal component analysis(PCA)was used for dimensionality reduction.Disease classification was carried out using multiple classifiers,including cubic support vector machine,Fine K-nearest neighbor(F-KNN),Bagged Tree and RUSBoosted Tree algorithms and achieved 100%accuracy for the diagnosis of fruit flies disease using Bagged Tree.However,the findings indicated that cubic support vector machines(C-SVM)was the best classifier for all guava disease mentioned in the dataset.

Effect of Sb-doping on martensitic transformation and magnetocaloric effect in Mn-rich Mn50Ni40Sn10-xSbx(x=1,2,3, and 4) alloys

We investigate the influence of Sb-doping on the martensitic transformation and magnetocaloric effect in Mn（50）Ni（40）Sn（10-x）Sbx（x = 1, 2, 3, and 4） alloys. All the prepared samples exhibit a B2-type structure with the space group F m3 m at room temperature. The substitution of Sb increases the valence electron concentration and decreases the unit cell volume. As a result, the magnetostructural transformation shifts rapidly towards higher temperatures as x increases.The changes in magnetic entropy under different magnetic field variations are explored around this transformation. The isothermal magnetization curves exhibit typical metamagnetic behavior, indicating that the magnetostructural transformation can be induced by a magnetic field. The tunable martensitic transformation and magnetic entropy changes suggest that Mn（50）Ni（40）Sn（10-x）Sbx alloys are attractive candidates for applications in solid-state refrigeration.

Magnetostructural transformation and magnetocaloric effect in Mn_(48-x)V_xNi_(42)Sn_(10) ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

In this work, we tuned the magnetostructural transformation and the coupled magnetocaloric properties of Mn48-xVxNi42Sn10（x=0, 1, 2, and 3） ferromagnetic shape memory alloys prepared by means of partial replacement of Mn by V. It is observed that the martensitic transformation temperatures decrease with the increase of V content. The shift of the transition temperatures to lower temperatures driven by the applied field, the metamagnetic behavior, and the thermal hysteresis indicates the first-order nature for the magnetostructural transformation. The entropy changes with a magnetic field variation of 0-5 T are 15.2, 18.8, and 24.3 J.kg^-1.K^-1 for the x = 0, 1, and 2 samples, respectively. The tunable martensitic transformation temperature, enhanced field driving capacity, and large entropy change suggest that Mn48-xVxNi42Sn10 alloys have a potential for applications in magnetic cooling refrigeration.

Influence of Ni/Mn ratio on magnetostructural transformation and magnetocaloric effect in Ni48-xCo2Mn38+xSn12(x=0,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 2.5)ferromagnetic shape memory alloys

An investigation on the magnetostructural transformation and magnetocaloric properties of Ni48-xCo2Mn38＋xSn12（x = 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5） ferromagnetic shape memory alloys is carried out. With the partial replacement of Ni by Mn in the Ni_（48）Co2Mn38Sn12 alloy, the electron concentration decreases. As a result, the martensitic transformation temperature is decreased into the temperature window between the Curie-temperatures of austenite and martensite. Thus, the samples with x = 1.5 and 2.0 exhibit the magnetostructural transformation between the weak-magnetization martensite and ferromagnetic austenite at room temperature. The structural transformation can be induced not only by the temperature,but also by the magnetic field. Accompanied by the magnetic-field-induced magnetostructural transformation, a considerable magnetocaloric effect is observed. With the increase of x, the maximum entropy change decreases, but the effective magnetic cooling capacity increases.