Carbon mitigation using CarbFix,CO_(2)plume and carbon trading technologies

Following China and the United States,India is the third highest CO_(2)emitter in the world.With its fast rising population and an industry primarily reliant on coal and oil,the country's emissions will continue to rise unless appropriate measures are taken.In India generally the carbon sequestration is done by storing CO_(2)in sedimentary basins where it gets capped by the impermeable cap rocks.The study aims to unfold the other techniques of carbon sequestration in subsurface formations,except for narrating the different types of carbon capture and sequestration techniques along with its storage in different types of environments.For instance,abiotic and biotic environments for CO_(2)sequestration.It further talks about carbon injections of oceanic,geological,and terrestrial types,to name just a few.Types of carbon emission sources are discussed too.In this paper three different approaches are described for carbon mitigation,namely CarbFix,CO_(2)Plume technology and Carbon Trading.A prefeasibility study was done in order to implement the three techniques in Dholera geothermal region in Gujarat,India.In literature review,it can be seen how the three techniques can help in permanent mitigation of captured carbon through carbonate mineralization,power generation and industrial applications.For any project government and public participation is important.In this regard the study gives a brief understanding about the steps to be taken by government and the public to promote such projects for carbon mitigation.Besides,the steps to be taken in such projects for health and risk assessment were talked about in literature review too.

Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat,India

Geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications,including drinking,domestic use,irrigation and industrial use.This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera,Diu,Gandhar,Kutch,Porbandar,Tulsishyam,and Unai regions located in Gujarat,India,to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes.From each region,three different water samples were collected.For drinking purpose,total eleven water quality parameters such as pH,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,calcium,magnesium,sodium,potassium,chloride,sulphate,carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated.Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water.Whereas for irrigation,the parameters such as total dissolved solids,sodium absorption ration,electrical conductivity,and potential salinity were used for water quality check.Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water.Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy.The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content.Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt.All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry:A comprehensive analysis of their origins,types,and applications

During the life of a well,treatments are carried out to boost productivity by stimulating initially unproduced zones.These treatments include hydraulic fracturing,matrix acidization,and acid fracturing,among others.Hydraulic fracturing treatment is generally applied to deeper reservoirs of oil or natural gas for enhanced recovery.By infusing proppant,water,and chemicals under extreme pressure during the fracturing procedure,fissures in and beneath the reservoir layer can be accessed and expanded.Another stimulating procedure,matrix acidization,involves injecting acid down the drilling hole to permeate the rock fissures at stresses lower than the fracture stress.In addition,carbonate reservoir acid fracturing stimulation is commonly used as an acid treatment technique whereby a pressure greater than the formation disintegration pressure or spontaneous fracture closure pressure is used to compress acid into the reservoir.These treatments allow existing wells to sustain hydrocarbon production without new wells being drilled.Diverters,when employed efficiently,can prevent the need to use a rig to provide momentary physical barriers,thus lowering the cost of the workover.Recent improvements in diversion technology make use of a variety of degradable particles that act as momentary bridges,either at the perforation entries or inside the existing fractures.The aim of this study is to introduce different types of mechanical and chemical diverters used to enhance the productivity of wells.This study explains the concepts of different types of diverters and their applications in several formations,it will also help readers to understand the selection procedures based on the suitability and requirements of diverter use by case studies from around the world.

Digital twin in hydrocarbon industry

The hydrocarbon industry is considering a range of digital technologies to improve productivity,efficiency,and safety of their operations while minimizing capital and operating costs,health and environmental risks,and variability in oil and gas project life cycles.Due to the emergence of industry 4.0 the improvement in performance,efficiency,and cost reduction,the hydrocarbon industry is gradually shifting towards solutions that are data-oriented.Understanding such complex systems involves the analysis of data from various sources at the same time.Digital Twin(DT)modelling is the foundation for the next generation of real-time production monitoring and optimization systems.It is a solution that boosts productivity by combining information,simulation,and visualization throughout the entire value chain of an operational firm,from subsurface equipment to central production plants.Oil and gas companies can majorly benefit from Hydrocarbon Exploration with the right use of such advanced technologies.This study focuses on the advancements in technology in the context of DT and how it has been used by the hydrocarbon industry.The study discusses about the emergence of the DT concept,various types,5D representation,and tools for DT.Further,the study tries to implement fields of DT in hydrocarbon industry especially in the domains of exploration,drilling,and production.Challenges associated with DT strategy like accessibility,confidentiality integration,and maintenance are also discussed.

Accelerating the renewable energy sector through Industry 4.0:Optimization opportunities in the digital revolution

The fourth industrial revolution introduced the concept of Industry 4.0,which refers to the digitalization of the modern world and the inclusion of digital industry in major industrial sectors.Within this context,we investigated how Industry 4.0 technologies could transform conventional factories into smart factories and contribute to the development of a circular economy with significant economic,environmental,and social advantages.The primary goal of this study was to assess the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in optimizing energy production from renewable resources.Specifically,we examined how various Industry 4.0 technologies,including Blockchain,the Internet of Things(loT),and Cloud Computing,contributed to energy generation,transmission,and trade.In addition,we investigated solutions to issues such as intermittent power supply,low efficiency,grid bottleneck,wastage of excess power,and unpredictable energy markets.Furthermore,we discussed two case studies based on circular economies,sustainable development goals,and Industry 4.o-based data analysis platforms.The study concludes by discussing the challenges faced by industries in adapting to the digital revolution and the potential uses of modern-day digital technologies to advance the energy sector and society as a whole.

Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in oil and gas industry

Oil and gas industries are facing several challenges and issues in data processing and handling.Large amount of data bank is generated with various techniques and processes.The proper technical analysis of this database is to be carried out to improve performance of oil and gas industries.This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-art review in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence to solve oil and gas industry problems.It also narrates the various types of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques which can be used for data processing and interpretation in different sectors of upstream oil and gas industries.The achievements and developments promise the benefits of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques towards large data storage capabilities and high efficiency of numerical calculations.In this paper a summary of various researchers work on machine learning and artificial intelligence applications and limitations is showcased for upstream and sectors of oil and gas industry.The existence of this extensive intelligent system could really eliminate the risk factor and cost of maintenance.The development and progress using this emerging technologies have become smart and makes the judgement procedure easy and straightforward.The study is useful to access intelligence of different machine learning methods to declare its application for distinct task in oil and gas sector.

Applications of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery

Nanoparticles serve variouspurposes in the hydrocarbon industry which are utilized to improve the volumeof oil and gas production.Nanomaterials are used in petroleum applications as nanoparticles,nanosensors,nanocomposites,coated nanoparticles,nanofluids etc.Thus,the application of nanotechnology in the enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method helps to extract the trapped oil present beneath the surface.Some nano ultra-fine particles are cost-effective and eco-friendly.The injected fluid interacts with the rock/oil systemto create a favourable environment for oil recovery.This study focuses on a review of the different types of nanoparticles and nanomaterials used in petroleum applications.This paper aims to study the classification and characterization of nanoparticles.This also includes the physiochemical and mechanical properties of nanomaterials.The study discusses the applications of nanoparticles in chemical,miscible,thermal and microbial floodings.It mainly focuses on various mechanisms involved by adding nanoparticles such as wettability alteration,IFT reduction,rheology improvement,mobility control etc.This research also addresses new green nanomaterials and nanocomposites,which includes injecting specialized green chemicals(surfactants,alcohols,and polymers)that successfully displace oil.The IFT between the displacing fluid and the oil is reduced due to phase-behaviour properties.