A discrepancy remains in the first two leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) modes of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) based on observations since the 1980s. The EOF1 mode, representing ...A discrepancy remains in the first two leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) modes of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) based on observations since the 1980s. The EOF1 mode, representing the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), is a robust result. However, the EOF2 features either El Ni?o Modoki(EM) or ENSO evolution during different periods, which is probably associated with the impacts of global warming. The underlying question is what the EOF2 mode of the tropical Pacific would be without global warming. Using the CMIP5 preindustrial scenario to exclude the influence of global warming, we find that the EOF1 mode of the tropical Pacific SSTA represents ENSO and that the EOF2 mode is not EM. According to the lead–lag correlation between the ENSO and EOF2 modes, the linkage between these two modes is as follows: …El Ni?o → EOF2 → La Ni?a →–EOF2 → El Ni?o…. By analyzing the evolution of sea surface temperature, surface wind, and subsurface ocean temperature anomalies, we find the mechanism linking the ENSO and EOF2 modes is the air–sea interaction associated with the ENSO cycle. This result suggests that the EOF2 mode represents an aspect of ENSO evolution under preindustrial conditions. Therefore, this study further indicates that the EM is probably due to the influence of global warming.展开更多
The BeiDou-3 global satellite navigation system(BDS-3)provides two radio determination satellite service(RDSS)positioning services for users,i.e.,the traditional RDSS(TRDSS)positioning of the BeiDou-2 regional satelli...The BeiDou-3 global satellite navigation system(BDS-3)provides two radio determination satellite service(RDSS)positioning services for users,i.e.,the traditional RDSS(TRDSS)positioning of the BeiDou-2 regional satellite navigation system,and the comprehensive RDSS(CRDSS)positioning,which integrates the RDSS and radio navigation satellite service.As published studies regarding the RDSS positioning service are few,we analyze and compare the performances of the two RDSS positioning modes.First,we systematically investigate the principles of the TRDSS and CRDSS positioning,and then analyze the evaluation methods in terms of their positioning accuracy,real time,and coverage range.Second,based on the BeiDou RDSS measured data,we evaluate the performances of the TRDSS and CRDSS positioning.Compared with TRDSS positioning,CRDSS positioning exhibits the following:1)A significant increase in positioning accuracy,resulting in error improvement from 8 to 2 m and root mean square improvement from 3.13 to 0.85 m;in other words,the positioning error,constant deviation,and stability improve significantly.2)The real time reduces slightly from 1.1 to 1.8 ns,which is within the acceptable range.3)The coverage range expands from the areas of 62°E-145°E and 5°N-55°N to the areas of 50°E-170°E and 0°N-70°N,respectively.4)CRDSS positioning is not restricted by the constraints of the digital elevation database or the user elevation information and can thus solve the occlusion problem effectively.展开更多
基金This study was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China （2016YFA0601801）, the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China （41530424）, National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interactions, State Oceanic Administration （SOA） （GASI-IPOVAI-03）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （41305121）. We sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved the paper.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program on Monitoring,Early Warning and Prevention of Major Natural Disasters(2018YFC1506006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(41805054,41875108,41805041,41705065)the Scientific Research Fund of the Chengdu University of Information Technology(KYTZ201724,KYTZ201602,KYTZ201727)
文摘A discrepancy remains in the first two leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) modes of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) based on observations since the 1980s. The EOF1 mode, representing the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), is a robust result. However, the EOF2 features either El Ni?o Modoki(EM) or ENSO evolution during different periods, which is probably associated with the impacts of global warming. The underlying question is what the EOF2 mode of the tropical Pacific would be without global warming. Using the CMIP5 preindustrial scenario to exclude the influence of global warming, we find that the EOF1 mode of the tropical Pacific SSTA represents ENSO and that the EOF2 mode is not EM. According to the lead–lag correlation between the ENSO and EOF2 modes, the linkage between these two modes is as follows: …El Ni?o → EOF2 → La Ni?a →–EOF2 → El Ni?o…. By analyzing the evolution of sea surface temperature, surface wind, and subsurface ocean temperature anomalies, we find the mechanism linking the ENSO and EOF2 modes is the air–sea interaction associated with the ENSO cycle. This result suggests that the EOF2 mode represents an aspect of ENSO evolution under preindustrial conditions. Therefore, this study further indicates that the EM is probably due to the influence of global warming.
基金the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Center and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41874043,61603397,and 41704037).
文摘The BeiDou-3 global satellite navigation system(BDS-3)provides two radio determination satellite service(RDSS)positioning services for users,i.e.,the traditional RDSS(TRDSS)positioning of the BeiDou-2 regional satellite navigation system,and the comprehensive RDSS(CRDSS)positioning,which integrates the RDSS and radio navigation satellite service.As published studies regarding the RDSS positioning service are few,we analyze and compare the performances of the two RDSS positioning modes.First,we systematically investigate the principles of the TRDSS and CRDSS positioning,and then analyze the evaluation methods in terms of their positioning accuracy,real time,and coverage range.Second,based on the BeiDou RDSS measured data,we evaluate the performances of the TRDSS and CRDSS positioning.Compared with TRDSS positioning,CRDSS positioning exhibits the following:1)A significant increase in positioning accuracy,resulting in error improvement from 8 to 2 m and root mean square improvement from 3.13 to 0.85 m;in other words,the positioning error,constant deviation,and stability improve significantly.2)The real time reduces slightly from 1.1 to 1.8 ns,which is within the acceptable range.3)The coverage range expands from the areas of 62°E-145°E and 5°N-55°N to the areas of 50°E-170°E and 0°N-70°N,respectively.4)CRDSS positioning is not restricted by the constraints of the digital elevation database or the user elevation information and can thus solve the occlusion problem effectively.
