Glycogen metabolism-mediated intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment influences liver cancer prognosis

Glycogen metabolism plays a key role in the development of hepatoellular carcinoma(HCC),but the function of glycogen metabolism genes in the tumor microenvironment(TME)is still to be elucidated.Single cell RNA-seq data were obtained from ten HCC tumor samples totaling 64,545 cells and 65 glycogen metabolism genes were analyzed bya nonnegative matrix factorization(NMF).The prognosis and immune response of new glycogen TME cell dusters were predicted by using HCC and immunotherapy cohorts from public databases.HOC single cell analysis was divided into fibroblasts,NT T cells,macrophages,endothelial clls,and B cells,which were separately divided into new cell clusters by glycogen metabolism gene annotation.Pseudo temporal trajectory analysis demonstrated the temporal differentiation trajectory of different glycogen subtype cell dusters.Cellular communication analysis revealed extensive interactions between endothelial cells with glycogen metabolizing TME cell.related subtypes and diferent glycogen subtype cell clusters.SCENIC analysis of transcription factors upstream of TME cell clusters with different glycogen metabolism.In addition,TME cell dusters of glycogen metabolism were found to be enriched in expression in CAF subtypes,CD8 depleted,M1,and M2 types.Bulk seq analysis showed the prognostic signifcance of glycogen metabolism.mediated TME cell dusters in HCC,while a significant immune response was found in the immunotherapy cohort in patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade(ICB),especially for CAFs,T cells,and macrophages In summary,our study reveals for the first time that glycogen metabolism mediates intercellular communication in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment while elucidating the anti-tumor mechanisms and immune prognostic responses of different subtypes of cell dusters.

Roles of Upper-Level Descending Inflow in Moat Development in Simulated Tropical Cyclones with Secondary Eyewall Formation

This study investigated the effects of upper-level descending inflow(ULDI)associated with inner-eyewall convection on the formation of the moat in tropical cyclones(TCs)with secondary eyewall formation(SEF).In our numerical experiments,a clear moat with SEF occurred in TCs with a significant ULDI,while no SEF occurred in TCs without a significant ULDI.The eyewall convection developed more vigorously in the control run.A ULDI occurred outside the inner-eyewall convection,where it was symmetrically unstable.The ULDI was initially triggered by the diabatic warming released by the inner eyewall and later enhanced by the cooling below the anvil cloud.The ULDI penetrated the outer edge of the inner eyewall with relatively dry air and prevented excessive solid-phase hydrometeors from being advected further outward.It produced extensive sublimation cooling of falling hydrometeors between the eyewall and the outer convection.The sublimation cooling resulted in negative buoyancy and further induced strong subsidence between the eyewall and the outer convection.As a result,a clear moat was generated.Development of the moat in the ongoing SEF prevented the outer rainband from moving farther inward,helping the outer rainband to symmetrize into an outer eyewall.In the sensitivity experiment,no significant ULDI formed since the eyewall convection was weaker,and the eyewall anvil developed relatively lower,meaning the formation of a moat and thus an outer eyewall was less likely.This study suggests that a better-represented simulation of inner-eyewall convective structures and distribution of the solid-phase hydrometeors is important to the prediction of SEF.

Boosting high initial coulombic efficiency of hard carbon by in-situ electrochemical presodiation

Hard carbon(HC)is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(SIBs),whereas inferior initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)severely limits its practical application.In the present work,we propose an in situ electrochemical presodiation approach to improve ICE by mixing sodium biphenyl(Na-Bp)dimethoxyethane(DME)solution with DME-based ether electrolyte.A solid electrolyte interface(SEI)could be formed beforehand on the HC electrode and Na^(+)was absorbed to nanopores and graphene stacks,compensating for the sodium loss and preventing electrolyte decomposition during the initial charge and discharge cycle.By this way,the ICE of half-cells was increased to nearly 100%and that of full-cells from 45%to 96%with energy density from 132.9 to 230.5 W h kg^(-1).Our work provides an efficient and facile method for improving ICE,which can potentially promote the practical application of HCbased materials.

A review of recent research progress on the effect of external influences on tropical cyclone intensity change

Over the past four years,significant research has advanced our understanding of how external factors influence tropical cyclone(TC)intensity changes.Research on air-sea interactions shows that increasing the moisture disequilibrium is a very effective way to increase surface heatfluxes and that ocean salinity-stratification plays a non-negligible part in TC intensity change.Vertical wind shear from the environment induces vortex misalignment,which controls the onset of significant TC intensification.Blocking due to upper-level outflow from TCs can reduce the magnitude of vertical wind shear,making for TC intensification.Enhanced TC-trough interactions are vital for rapid intensification in some TC cases because of strengthened warm air advection,but upper-level troughs are found to limit TC intensification in other cases due to dry midlevel air intrusions and increased shear.Aerosol effects on TCs can be divided into direct effects involving aerosol-radiation interactions and indirect effects involving aerosol-cloud interactions.The radiation absorption by the aerosols can change the temperature profile and affect outer rainbands through changes in stability and microphysics.Sea spray and sea salt aerosols are more important in the inner region,where the aerosols increase precipitation and latent heating,promoting more intensification.For landfalling TCs,the intensity decay is initially more sensitive to surface roughness than soil moisture,and the subsequent decay is mainly due to the rapid reduction in surface moisturefluxes.These new insights further sharpen our understanding of the mechanisms by which external factors influence TC intensity changes.

Characteristics of extreme rainfall and rainbands evolution of Super Typhoon Lekima (2019) during its landfall

As one of the most devastating tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific Ocean,Super Typhoon Lekima(2019)has caused a wide range of heavy rainfall in China.Based on the CMA Multi-source merged Precipitation Analysis System(CMPAS)-hourly data set,both the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme rainfall is analyzed.It is found that the heavy rainfall associated with Lekima includes three main episodes with peaks at 3,14 and 24 h after landfall,respectively.The first two rainfall episodes are related to the symmetric outburst of the inner rainband and the persistence of outer rainband.The third rainfall episode is caused by the influence of cold,dry air from higher latitudes and the peripheral circulation of the warm moist tropical storm.The averaged rainrate of inner rainbands underwent an obvious outburst within 6 h after landfall.The asymmetric component of the inner rainbands experienced a transport from North(West)quadrant to East(South)quadrant after landfall which was related to the storm motion other than the Vertical Wind Shear(VWS).Meanwhile the outer rainband in the vicinity of three times of the Radius of Maximum Wind(RMW)was active over a 12-h period since the decay of the inner rainband.The asymmetric component of the outer rainband experienced two significant cyclonical migrations in the northern semicircle.