Spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire in Jharia Coalfield,India by satellite-based multi-temporal night-time land surface temperature imaging

In this paper,the spatio-temporal variation and propagation direction of coal fire were studied in the Jharia Coalfield(JCF),India during 2006–2015 through satellite-based night-time land surface temperature(LST)imaging.The LST was retrieved from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)night-time thermal-infrared data by a robust split-window algorithm based on scene-specific regression coefficients,band-specific hybrid emissivity,and night-time atmospheric transmittance.The LST-profile-based coal fire detection algorithm was formulated through statistical analysis of the LST values along multiple transects across diverse coal fire locations in the JCF in order to compute date-specific threshold temperatures for separating thermally-anomalous and background pixels.This algorithm efficiently separates surface fire,subsurface fire,and thermally-anomalous transitional pixels.During the observation period,it was noticed that the coal fire area increased significantly,which resulted from new coal fire at many places owing to extensive opencast-mining operations.It was observed that the fire propagation occurred primarily along the dip direction of the coal seams.At places,lateral-propagation of limited spatial extent was also observed along the strike direction possibly due to spatial continuity of the coal seams along strike.Moreover,the opencast-mining activities carried out during 2009–2015 and the structurally weak planes facilitated the fire propagation.

Relativistic atomic data for W XLVⅡ

Energy levels, radiative rates, and lifetimes are calculated for all levels of 3s23p, 3s23d, 3s3p2, 3s3d2, 3s3p3d, 3p23d, 3s3d2, 3p3d2, 3p3, and 3d3 configurations of Al-like tungsten ion （W XLVII）. Multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock （MCDF） method is adopted for calculating energy levels and radiative rates. Oscillator strengths, radiative rates, and line strengths are reported for some E1 transitions from the ground level. Comparisons are made with the available data in the literature and good agreement has been found which confirms the reliability of our results.

Controlled sintering for cadmium stabilization by beneficially using the dredged river sediment

Cd-bearing solid wastes are considered to be a serious threat to the environment,and effective strategies for their treatment are urgently needed.Ceramic sintering has been considered as a promising method for efficiently incorporating heavy metal-containing solid wastes into various ceramic products.Mineral-rich dredged river sediment,especially Al and Si-containing oxides,can be treated as alternative ceramic precursors rather than being disposed of as solid wastes.To examine the feasibility of using waste sediment for Cd stabilization and the phase transition mechanisms,this study conducted a sintering scheme for the mixtures of CdO and dredged river sediment with different(Al+Si):Cd mole ratios.Detailed investigations have been performed on phases transformation,Cd incorporation mechanisms,elemental distribution,and leaching behaviors of the sintered products.Results showed that Cd incorporation and transformation in the sintered products were influenced by the mole ratio of(Al+Si):Cd.Among the high-Cd series((Al+Si):Cd=6:1),CdSiO_(3),Cd_(2)SiO_(4),CdAl_(2)(SiO_(4))_(2) and Cd_(2)Al_(2)Si_(2)O_(9) were predominant Cd-containing product phases,while Cd2Al2Si2O9 was replaced by CdAl_(4)O_(7) when the mole ratio of(Al+Si):Cd was 12:1(low-Cd series).Cd was efficiently stabilized in both reaction series after being sintered at≥900℃,with<5%leached ratio even after a prolonged leaching time,indicating excellent long-term Cd stabilization.This study demonstrated that both Cd-containing phases and the amorphous Al-/Si-containing matrices all played critical roles in Cd stabilization.A promising strategy can be proposed to simultaneously reuse the solid waste as ceramic precursors and stabilize heavy metals in the ceramic products.