Monitoring of Fluoride Concentration in Groundwater of Tosham Block, Bhiwani District, NW, India: Correlation with Physico-Chemical Parameters

Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the eight villages of Tosham Block;district Bhiwani, Haryana to recognize the mechanism and sources of enrichment of fluoride in the groundwater. The results specify that concentrations of fluoride attain up to 1.9 mg/l in groundwater samples. In the soils, the overall fluorine contents vary between 1.1 and 2.7 mg/kg, which could have sufficient potential to released fluorine into the groundwater. In groundwater, the fluoride enrichment is primarily controlled by solubility of fluorite, intensity of evapotranspiration, residence time and the processes of weathering prevailing in Tosham area. Moreover, various other water quality parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, and total alkalinity as well as calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate and chloride concentrations were also calculated. A logical calculation of correlation coefficients between different physico-chemical parameters was done. The 67% of groundwater samples do not comply with WHO standards of fluoride for drinking purposes. The excessive fluoride concentration in the groundwater of villages under study causes dental fluorosis among people especially the children. Except few of villages, without any prior treatment, the overall quality of water was found unacceptable for drinking purposes.

Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic Volcanic Rocks of the Nakora Area of Malani Igneous Suite, Barmer District, Western Rajasthan, India

The Neoproterozoic rocks of the Nakora Ring Complex (NRC) consist of three phases (Extrusive, Intrusive and Dyke) that are based on the detailed geological mapping (contact relationship, mode of occurrence, position of xenolith, flows, dykes and veins) and their stratigraphic position. NRC consists mainly of acid volcanic rocks besides minor amount of basic rocks with intermediate calc-alkaline to tholeiitic affinities and occurs in the form of ring structures. The Nakora basaltic rocks show LREE enriched nature and they have consistent negative Nb, Ta, Sr and Zr anomalies. The HREE pattern is showing parallel arrangement with HREE pattern of other basic rocks. The Nakora acid volcanic rocks exhibit high LREE enrichment than the HREE with negative Ba, Sr, Eu and Ti anomalies in primitive mantle normalized multi-element diagrams. All the samples show negative Ba, Sr, Eu and Ti anomalies. The diminution in amounts of Sr and Eu is apparently related to the fractionation of feldspars or their retention in the refractory minerals resistant to melting in the lower crust. As compared to trachytes, the rhyolites show high SiO2, high Al2O3, low total alkalis, low total iron, low TiO2, high CaO and high MgO. The petro-mineralogical and geo-chemical data specifies that the NRC rocks are generated from a co-magmatic source through a co-genetic process in a rift tectonic context. Petrogenetic modeling indicates that both the basic rocks and acid volcanic rocks of Nakora may have been derived from rocks akin to Bhilwara mafic metavolcanic/mixed Nakora gabbros and Siwana rhyolite/banded gneiss from Kolar Schist Belt by different degrees of partial melting respectively.

Historical temporal variation in precipitation over Western Himalayan Region：1857-2006

This study has examined the temporal variation in monthly, seasonal & annual precipitation over the Western Himalayan Region(WHR) and the influence of global teleconnections, like the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and Southern Oscillation(SO) Indices on seasonal & annual precipitation. The Mann–Kendall non-parametric test is applied for trend detection and the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test is used to detect possible shift. Maximum entropy spectral analysis is applied to find the periodicity in annual & seasonal precipitation. The study shows a non-significant decreasing trend in annual precipitation over WHR for the period 1857-2006. However, in seasonal precipitation, a significant decreasing trend is observed in monsoon and a significant increasing trend in post-monsoon season during the same period. The significant decrease in monsoon precipitation may be due to weakening of its teleconnection with NAO as well as SO Indices mainly during last three decades. It is observed that the probable change of year in annual & monsoon precipitation over WHR is 1979. The study also shows significant periodicities of 2.3-2.9 years and of 3.9-4.7 years in annual & seasonal precipitation over WHR.

GPS measured static and kinematic offsets at near and far field of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

The Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake that hit the mainland Japan on 11 th March, 2011 had resulted a devastating Tsunami due to an active thrusting between the Pacific and the North American Plates. Static and kinematic offsets at the offshore epicentre of the Mw 9.0 event remain unanswered and being investigated along with their near and far field limiting distances from the epicentre. Accordingly, offset measurements from 60 continuously operating IGS and GEONET GNSS stations were radially classified from the epicentre and interpreted with analytical models to find their linear offset decay rates. Co-and post-seismic static positional anomaly offsets of sixty days show almost all near field stations had strong or appreciable eastward or south eastward static shifts. Near stations(<250 km) showed both kinematic and static offsets. GEONET station ’0175’ showed maximum resultant static offset of-4.5 m, which diminishes approximately 1-2 cm at far sites like SMST and AIRA. Characteristic decay duration(’b’) of the mean kinematic co-seismic shift(’a’)of near field stations was 17.28 s during earthquake hours with an EW component shift >1.5 m. Spatial models of projected N-S static and kinematic offsets show their asymmetrical distributions around the epicentre with maximum model offset of-1.84 m displaced towards south at-45 km north of the epicentre. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake produced a resultant kinematic offset of-10.2 m towards East at its offshore epicentre;while the estimated near field static offset is ~9.82 m. However, both estimates are bigger than double the resultant offset measured value(~4.3 m) in the Japanese mainland using GPS. The difference in the kinematic and static near field offsets highlight that the near surface had elastic or in-elastic kinematic strain dissipation as against the lithospheric level viscoelastic static response, which resulted rapid kinematic strain release(1.12 cm/km)within the limiting radius of ~220 km from the Tohoku-Oki epicentre.

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic A-type granites at Nakora in the Malani Igneous Suite,Western Rajasthan,India

The Nakora Ring Complex(NRC)(732 Ma) occurs as a part of Malani Igneous Suite(MIS) in the West-ern Rajasthan,India.This complex consists of three phases(volcanic,plutonic and dyke).Geochemically,the Na-kora granites are peralkaline,metaluminous and slightly peraluminous.They display geochemical characteristics of A-type granites and distinct variation trends with increasing silica content.The peralkaline granites show higher concentrations of SiO2,total alkalies,TiO2,MgO,Ni,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Th,U,La,Ce,Nd,Eu and Yb and lower concen-trations of Al2O3,total iron,Cu and Zn than metaluminous granites.AI content is ≥1 for peralkaline granites and <1 for peraluminous and metaluminous granites.Nakora peralkaline granites are plotted between 4 to 7 kb in pressure and are emplaced at greater depths(16-28 km and 480-840℃) as compared to metaluminous granites which indicate the high fluorine content in peralkaline granites.The primitive mantle normalized multi-element profiles suggest that Nakora granites(peralkaline,metaluminous and peraluminous) are characterized by low La,Sr and Eu and relatively less minima of Ba,Nb and Ti which suggests the aspects related to crustal origin for Nakora magma.The Nakora granites are characterized as A-type granites(Whalen et al.,1987) and correspond to the field of "Within Plate Gran-ite"(Pearce et al.,1984).Geochemical,field and petrological data suggest that Nakora granites are the product of partial melting of rocks similar to Banded Gneiss from Kolar Schist Belt of India.

Common Fixed Point Theorems for Compatible and Weakly Compatible Maps in G-Metric Spaces

In this paper first we prove common fixed point theorems for compatible and weakly compatible maps. Secondly, we prove common fixed point theorems for weakly compatible maps along with property (E.A.) and (CLRg) property respectively.

Correlations of Stream Flow and Climatic Variables for a Large Glacierized Himalayan Basin

Streamflow represents the integrated response of a watershed to climatic variables, particularly precipitation and air temperature. In this study, relationships between discharge and hydro meteorological parameters near the snout of Gangotri Glacier were investigated. The auto correlations and multi day influence of temperature and rainfall on discharge can provide valuable information about the Glacier response which can be helpful for estimating discharge in data scarce regions. The data for eight continuous ablation seasons (2000-2007) were used investigating correlations, lag cross correlations and multivariate regression analysis between daily mean discharge, daily mean temperature and daily rainfall, whereas last four years data (2008-2011) was used to simulate the daily discharge from the established relations. Snowmelt discharge varies during the rise in the annual temperature cycle in response to the combination of temperature variation and the amount of water held in the evolving snowpack. The discharge and temperature is highly auto correlated. It was found that discharge of a particular day (Qi) is well represented by the regression equation having Qi-1, Ti, and Ri. Such developed regression equation can be used for computing discharge once its input variables are available. The regression equation developed using the eight year data i.e. Qi = 2.962 + 1.011Qi-1?- 0.422Ti + 0.203Ri is used for forecasting of discharge. For all the years discharge was computed with high accuracy (R2?-?0.93).

Categorization and Reorientation of Images Based on Low Level Features

A hierarchical system to perform automatic categorization and reorientation of images using content analysis is pre-sented. The proposed system first categorizes images to some a priori defined categories using rotation invariant features. At the second stage, it detects their correct orientation out of {0o, 90o, 180o, and 270o} using category specific model. The system has been specially designed for embedded devices applications using only low level color and edge features. Machine learning algorithms optimized to suit the embedded implementation like support vector machines (SVMs) and scalable boosting have been used to develop classifiers for categorization and orientation detection. Results are presented on a collection of about 7000 consumer images collected from open resources. The proposed system finds it applications to various digital media products and brings pattern recognition solutions to the consumer electronics domain.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Aerosols in Sonepat—A National Capital Region of India

Considering the mounting evidences of the effects of air pollution on health, the present study was undertaken to assess the ambient air quality status in Sonepat region. The PM10 aerosol samples were collected from three sampling sites (DCRUST: Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, University campus, Sector 14: residential cum commercial area, and traffic intersection along National Highway number 1) during January to July 2014 and studied for air quality, metal concentrations and their monthly variations. In addition, free fall dust samples were studied for soluble cations. PM10 concentration was found to be ranging from 120.00 μg/m3 to 569.59 μg/m3, 66.56 μg/m3 to 312.45 μg/m3 and 80.95 μg/m3 to 262.47 μg/m3 at NH-1, Sector-14 and DCRUST respectively. The concentrations of Na+,, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ at sector 14 Sonepat were 52.115 ppm, 6.755 ppm, 13.989 ppm, 105.845 ppm and 72.574 ppm, respectively. At DCRUST site, the concentrations of Na+, , K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ were 207.583 ppm, 0.550 ppm, 50.573 ppm, 90.659 ppm and 85.024 ppm, respectively. The heavy metals concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cr at NH-1 was 36 ppm, 17.5 ppm and 95.7 ppm, respectively. The concentration of Zn, Cu and Cr at NH-1 was found to be varying from not detected to 19.7 ppm, 2.1 ppm to 16.54 ppm and 7.24 ppm to 24.1 ppm, respectively. Thus, it was recommended that an integrated assessment of air pollution and health risk should be carried out in Sonepat region at regular intervals of time.

Convergence of Weak Galerkin Finite Element Method for Second Order Linear Wave Equation in Heterogeneous Media

Weak Galerkin finite element method is introduced for solving wave equation with interface on weak Galerkin finite element space(Pk(K),P_(k−1)(∂K),[P_(k−1)(K)]^(2)).Optimal order a priori error estimates for both space-discrete scheme and implicit fully discrete scheme are derived in L1(L2)norm.This method uses totally discontinuous functions in approximation space and allows the usage of finite element partitions consisting of general polygonal meshes.Finite element algorithm presented here can contribute to a variety of hyperbolic problems where physical domain consists of heterogeneous media.

Probing On-Surface Chemistry at the Nanoscale Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Chemistry on solid surfaces is central to many research areas of practical interest,such as synthesis,catalysis,electrochemistry,photochemistry,and materials science.A comprehensive understanding of the nanoscale on-surface chemistry involved in these areas is important for establishing composition-structure-performance relationships.With the rapid development of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(TERS),it has become possible to investigate physical and chemical processes on suitable surfaces at the nanoscale level and in real space.In this review,after a brief introduction of the background of onsurface chemistry and TERS,we systematically discuss the progress in the application of TERS in this field.Our focus is the applications of TERS to nanoscale coordination processes,decomposition reactions,polymerization processes,electrochemical reactions,catalytic chemistry,and functionalization chemistry on solid surfaces.We conclude by discussing the future challenges and development of TERS techniques and related applications in on-surface chemistry.

Phytochemical and pharmacological potentials of Pedalium murex Linn and its traditional medicinal uses

The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacological and phytochemical aspects of the Pedalium murex(Linn)(P.murex)and its traditional medicinal uses of different parts of the plant.Flavonoids,phenolic compounds,glycosides,carbohydrates,reducing sugars,phytosterols,tannins,triterpenoids,alkaloids,xanthoproteins,aromatic oil,stable oil,saponins and resins are the main phytochemical groups that have been found in different chemical extracts of P.murex.Pharmacological activities of P.murex have proven its importance for medicinal uses.This review will be helpful to create interest to use P.murex for developing new formulation in therapeutic medicines.