Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation and COVID-19 Antibodies: Mechanistic Insights and Recipient Concerns

Collecting umbilical cord stem cells is widely practiced due to its numerous benefits. Over the past decade, umbilical cord stem cells (UCSCs) have shown effectiveness in treating various conditions, such as bone pathologies, neuropsychiatry disorders, hereditary diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, factors like immunization affect the quantity and quality of cord harvesting. Studies suggest that antibodies from the mother pass through the umbilical cord to protect the infant against infections. Cleaning the umbilical cord before stem cell extraction is crucial to maintain sterility and cell integrity. Vaccinating a female donor, including for COVID-19, typically does not directly affect the stem cells. Although vaccines aim to trigger an immunological response, they generally do not affect the donor’s stem cells.

Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the liver

There have been numerous concerns about the disease and how it affects the human body since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)pandemic began in December 2019.The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver is being carefully investigated due to an increase in individuals with hepatitis and other liver illnesses,such as alcoholic liver disease.Additionally,the liver is involved in the metabolism of numerous drugs used to treat comorbidities and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Determining how SARS-CoV-2 affects the liver and what factors place individuals with COVID-19 at a higher risk of developing liver problems are the two main objectives of this study.This evaluation of the literature included research from three major scientific databases.To provide an update on the current impact of COVID-19 on the liver,data was collected and relevant information was incorporated into the review.With more knowledge about the effect of the disease on the liver,better management and therapeutics can be developed,and education can ultimately save lives and reduce the long-term impact of the pandemic on our population.

Organic geochemistry and source rock potential assessment of Late Paleocene Patala Formation in Margalla Hill Range,North Pakistan

Black shales of the Paleocene Patala Formation are proven source rocks for conventional hydrocarbons in southern Potwar Basin of Pakistan and are assumed to be effective source rocks towards north in the Margalla Hill Range of Pakistan.In this regard,the current study focuses on source rock geochemistry of the Paleocene Patala Formation to assess its source rock potential,organic matter types and thermal maturity levels in the Margalla Hill Range of North Pakistan.Source rock generative potential,kerogen types and thermal maturation of the analysed rock samples were unraveled by using Rock-Eval pyrolysis T_(max),TOC(total organic carbon)and vitrinite reflectance(R_(0))analyses.TOC analysis coupled with S_(2) yield revealed poor to fair source rock quality encountered within the formation.The pyrolysis T_(max) vs Hydrogen Index(HI),showed mostly Type Ⅲ kerogen dominated by thermally immature to mature organic matter.The HI and genetic potential is low and revealed poor hydrocarbon generation potential of the formation.The S_(1) vs TOC plots confirm the indigenous nature of the hydrocarbons hosted by Patala Formation.The vitrinite reflectance outcomes indicated immature to mature source rock beds lying in dry gas zone.The HI and OI signatures and abundance of Type Ⅲ kerogen are indicating dominance of terrestrial organic matter within the formation.Overall,the investigated Patala Formation exposed at the studied section of Margalla Hill Range,Pakistan acts as a poor source rock unit for liquid hydrocarbon generation but holds prospects for dry gas generation in the study area.

Depositional and Bio-Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation,Kala-Chitta Range,Pakistan:Equivalent of Gurpi Formation(Iran)

The present study is focused on evaluation of deep marine pelagic sediments of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation of Kala-Chitta Range in the context of microfacies analysis,paleoenvironmental interpretation,planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy,sequence stratigraphy and diversification of species.A total of thirty three rock samples were collected from the measured section.Three microfacies are interpreted,namely planktonic foraminifera wackestone,planktonic foraminifera mudstone and sandy mudstone indicating low energy depositional environment i.e.,outer ramp.The biostratigraphic studies show plentiful planktonic foraminifera species of Globotruncana,Heterohelix and Globotruncanita.However,no association of benthic or siliceous organisms was observed.On the basis of available species assemblage,a single local planktonic foraminifera biozone i.e.,Globotruncana-Heterohelix-Globotruncanita Assemblage Biozone is established.The biozone information is combined with published literature and Lower Santonian to Middle Maastrichtian age has been assigned to the Kawagarh Formation.The trend of species occurrences evinces that species number decreases over time with pulsated rise in the Kawagarh Formation.The Kawagarh Formation carbonates show an overall Transgressive Systems Tract(TST).The Kawagarh Formation of Pakistan evinces analogous characteristics to that of the Late Cretaceous Gurpi Formation of Iran based on the geologic age,outcrop lithology,microfacies,planktonic foraminiferal assemblages,depositional setting and sequence stratigraphy.