Nondestructive Phenomic Tools for the Prediction of Heat and Drought Tolerance at Anthesis in Brassica Species

Oilseed Brassica species are vulnerable to heat and drought stress,especially in the early reproductive stage.We evaluated plant imaging of whole plant and flower tissue,leaf stomatal conductance,leaf and bud temperature,photochemical reflectance index,quantumyield of photosynthesis,and leaf gas exchange for their suitability to detect tolerance to heat(H)and/or drought(D)stress treatments in 12 Brassica genotypes(G).A replicated factorial experiment was set up with 7 d of stress treatment fromthe beginning of anthesis with various levels of three factors H,D,and𝐺.Most phenomics tools detected plant stress as indicated by significant main effects of H,D,and H×D.Whole plant volume was highly correlated with fresh weight changes,suggesting that whole plant imaging may be a useful surrogate for fresh weight in future studies.Vcmax,the maximum carboxylation rate of photosynthesis,increased rapidly on day 1 in H and H+D treatments,and there were significant interactions of G×H and G×D.Vcmax of genotypes on day 1 inHandH+Dtreatments was positively correlated with their harvested seed yield.Vcmax onday 1 andday3were clustered with seed yield in H and H+D treatments as shown in the heatmaps of genotypic correlations.TPU,the rate of triose phosphate use,also showed significant positive genotypic correlations with seed yield in H+D treatments.Flower volume showed significant interactions of G×H and G×D on day 7,and flower volume of genotypes on day 7 inHwas positively correlated with their harvested seed yield.There were few interactions of G×H or G×D for leaf stomatal conductance,leaf and bud temperature,photochemical reflectance index,and quantum yield of photosynthesis.Vcmax,TPU,and volume of flowers are potential nondestructive phenomic traits for heat or combined heat and drought stress tolerance screening in Brassica germplasm.