Exploring Barriers and Opportunities in Adopting Crowdsourcing Based New Product Development in Manufacturing SMEs

Crowdsourcing is an innovative business practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content or even funds by soliciting contributions from a large group of people （the ＇Crowd＇）. The potential benefits of utilizing crowdsourcing in product design are well-documented, but little research exists on what are the barriers and opportunities in adopting crowdsourcing in new product development （NPD） of manufacturing SMEs. In order to answer the above questions, a Proof of Market study is carried out on crowdsourcing-based product design under an Innovate UK funded Smart project, which aims at identifying the needs, challenges and future development opportunities associated with adopting crowdsourcing strategies for NPD. The research findings from this study are reported here and can be used to guide future development of crowdsourcing-based collaborative design methods and tools and provide some practical references for industry to adopt this new and emerging collaborative design method in their business.

反对深层结构的论据

两位作者在《现代语言学——乔姆斯基革命的结果》中写道:“我们感到,使乔姆斯基的工作具有革命性的是他的整个体系的一致性和力量,而不是构成其体系的各个论据。”他们试图在该书中对乔氏的体系作粗略的介绍,并特别指出,由于乔姆斯基的思想在不断地发展,因此,该书无意对乔氏的观点作权威性的总结,而只想表达他们在乔氏影响下自己对语言的看法。他们在书中提出了他们所不同意的乔氏的某些观点,并且提出了改进乔氏体系的建议。全书分12章:1:一种语言是什么?2:语言知识;3:语言知识的类型;4:语言知识的形式化;5:赞成和反对深层结构;6:语音学和音位学;7:语义学和语义;8:语用学和交际;9:语言变体;10:语言变化;11:语法的评价;12:语言是什么?本文摘译自第五章后半部分,略有删节,题名为原文的小标题。