The main objective of this study is to evaluate the distributions of selective ions in Makkah wells using GIS. The present study focuses on the presence and accumulation of several ions in the ground water of Makkah C...The main objective of this study is to evaluate the distributions of selective ions in Makkah wells using GIS. The present study focuses on the presence and accumulation of several ions in the ground water of Makkah City. This study exhibits selected measurements of the levels and distribution of 4 ions (nitrate, nitrite, chloride and sulphate) in wells water using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The study covered 27 areas of Makkah City and its environs. Two layers were made using the Arc-Map program: the first layer was called internal wells (Central Makkah, urban) and the second layer was called external wells (rural). The total number of wells covered by this study was 145, and the samples were collected in different seasons. The samples were analyzed following standard procedures and compared with local and international standards. The results showed that the relative abundance of the major ions in the ground water was SO4 > Cl-1 > NO3 > NO2, with the presence of SO4 being dominant.展开更多
The flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO), which was first identified in April 2009. The disease has ...The flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO), which was first identified in April 2009. The disease has also been termed novel Influenza A(H1N1) and 2009 H1N1 flu by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and is commonly known as swine flu. The main strain of the virus has been termed A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) by scientists. This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of influenza A(H1N1) infections in KSA during 2009. A descriptive study was carried out among attendants at hospitals and primary health care centers in Makkah during 2009, irrespective of age and sex. The data were collected by interviewing suspected persons using a pre-designed questionnaire, clinical examination, and specific laboratory investigation. A total of 1138 subjects were included in the study. Among the study population, 25% of the cases between 15 and 24 years old were found positive for influenza A(H1N1) by PCR technique. Although a significant population was affected by influenza A(H1N1) during 2009 in Makkah, the efforts and steps taken by health authorities at all levels―especially those in Directorate of Health Affairs of Makkah—helped to avert the mortality associated with the H1N1 influenza among the residents and those coming for Umrah and Hajj to Makkah by providing and timely diagnosis.展开更多
文摘The main objective of this study is to evaluate the distributions of selective ions in Makkah wells using GIS. The present study focuses on the presence and accumulation of several ions in the ground water of Makkah City. This study exhibits selected measurements of the levels and distribution of 4 ions (nitrate, nitrite, chloride and sulphate) in wells water using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The study covered 27 areas of Makkah City and its environs. Two layers were made using the Arc-Map program: the first layer was called internal wells (Central Makkah, urban) and the second layer was called external wells (rural). The total number of wells covered by this study was 145, and the samples were collected in different seasons. The samples were analyzed following standard procedures and compared with local and international standards. The results showed that the relative abundance of the major ions in the ground water was SO4 > Cl-1 > NO3 > NO2, with the presence of SO4 being dominant.
文摘The flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO), which was first identified in April 2009. The disease has also been termed novel Influenza A(H1N1) and 2009 H1N1 flu by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and is commonly known as swine flu. The main strain of the virus has been termed A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) by scientists. This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of influenza A(H1N1) infections in KSA during 2009. A descriptive study was carried out among attendants at hospitals and primary health care centers in Makkah during 2009, irrespective of age and sex. The data were collected by interviewing suspected persons using a pre-designed questionnaire, clinical examination, and specific laboratory investigation. A total of 1138 subjects were included in the study. Among the study population, 25% of the cases between 15 and 24 years old were found positive for influenza A(H1N1) by PCR technique. Although a significant population was affected by influenza A(H1N1) during 2009 in Makkah, the efforts and steps taken by health authorities at all levels―especially those in Directorate of Health Affairs of Makkah—helped to avert the mortality associated with the H1N1 influenza among the residents and those coming for Umrah and Hajj to Makkah by providing and timely diagnosis.
