Understanding nutritive need in Harmonia axyridis larvae:Insights from nutritional geometry

The multicolored Asian lady beetle,Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae),is an important natural enemy in agricultural ecosystems.In spite of being a carnivore consuming protein-rich preys,the lady beetles often consume carbohydrate-rich food like nectar or honeydew.However,most studies on nutrition regulation of carnivores mainly focus on protein and lipid,two major macronutrients in preys.In this study,nutrition regulation of protein and carbohydrate has been investigated in the 4th instar larvae of H.axyridis using Geometric Framework.We provided the insects two pairs of foods,one a protein-biased one and the second carbohydrate-biased,to determine the intake target.We then confined them to nutritionally imbalanced foods to examine how they regulated food intake to achieve maximal performance.The larvae performed well on the 2 foods that containing the closest P:C ratios to the intake target,but,surprisingly,the lipid content was much lower than that in the choice experiment.The lady beetles seemed to maintain the optimal lipid content by consuming carbohydrate-rich food.Moreover,consuming the carbohydrate-rich food was less metabolically expensive than the protein-rich food.Therefore,switching behavior between plant and animal foods actually reflects their nutritive needs.These findings extended our understanding of predator forage behavior and its influence on food web in ecosystems,and shed light on the role of agri-environment schemes in meeting the nutritional need of predators in field.