This study evaluates the changes caused by breeding in the genotype by environment(G×E)interaction of the durum wheat varieties most widely cultivated in Spain after the Green Revolution.A set of 12 cultivars was...This study evaluates the changes caused by breeding in the genotype by environment(G×E)interaction of the durum wheat varieties most widely cultivated in Spain after the Green Revolution.A set of 12 cultivars was tested in 27 environments,which are understood as the combination of different sites,years,and treatments(water regime and planting dates),representative of the durum wheat growing conditions in Spain with average grain yields(GY)ranging between 2.8 and 9.1 Mg ha^-1.The most important environmental factors affecting the G×E interaction for yield were themaximum and the mean temperature during the entire crop cycle.An improvement in genetic yield was observed in warm environments and under optimal water conditions that resemble those where the germplasm originated(essentially as advanced lines)before its release in Spain.Therefore,the adaptation of semi-dwarf durum in Spain has shown a tendency to specific adaptation rather than large-scale adaptation.Two different patterns of selection have been reported due the G×E interaction and changes in the ranking of genotypes:in the high yielding environments(GY>5 Mg ha^-1),plants favor increased water uptake,with higher levels of transpiration and more open stomata(more negative values of carbon isotope composition,δ^13 C,and higher canopy temperature depression,CTD),whereas,in low yielding environments(GY<5 Mg ha^-1)plants close their stomata and favor greater water use efficiency(less negativeδ^13 C values and lower CTD values).展开更多
Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has ...Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has been observed.Therefore,it is central to develop efficient quality-related phenotyping tools.In this sense,one of the most relevant wheat features related to grain quality traits is grain nitrogen content,which is directly linked to grain protein content and monitorable with remote sensing approaches.Moreover,the relation between nitrogen fertilization and grain nitrogen content(protein)plays a central role in the sustainability of agriculture.Both aiming to develop efficient phenotyping tools using remote sensing instruments and to advance towards a field-level efficient and sustainable monitoring of grain nitrogen status,this paper studies the efficacy of various sensors,multispectral and visible red-greenblue(RGB),at different scales,ground and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),and phenological stages(anthesis and grain filling)to estimate grain nitrogen content.Linear models were calculated using vegetation indices at each sensing level,sensor type and phenological stage.Furthermore,this study explores the up-scalability of the best performing model to satellite level Sentinel-2 equivalent data.We found that models built at the phenological stage of anthesis with UAV-level multispectral cameras using red-edge bands outperformed grain nitrogen content estimation(R2=0.42,RMSE=0.18%)in comparison with those models built with RGB imagery at ground and aerial level,as well as with those built with widely used ground-level multispectral sensors.We also demonstrated the possibility to use UAV-built multispectral linear models at the satellite scale to determine grain nitrogen content effectively(R2=0.40,RMSE=0.29%)at actual wheat fields.展开更多
基金supported by the Spanish project AGL201676527-R from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(MINECO,Spain)support of Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies(ICREA,Generalitat de Catalunya,Spain),through the ICREA Academia Program。
文摘This study evaluates the changes caused by breeding in the genotype by environment(G×E)interaction of the durum wheat varieties most widely cultivated in Spain after the Green Revolution.A set of 12 cultivars was tested in 27 environments,which are understood as the combination of different sites,years,and treatments(water regime and planting dates),representative of the durum wheat growing conditions in Spain with average grain yields(GY)ranging between 2.8 and 9.1 Mg ha^-1.The most important environmental factors affecting the G×E interaction for yield were themaximum and the mean temperature during the entire crop cycle.An improvement in genetic yield was observed in warm environments and under optimal water conditions that resemble those where the germplasm originated(essentially as advanced lines)before its release in Spain.Therefore,the adaptation of semi-dwarf durum in Spain has shown a tendency to specific adaptation rather than large-scale adaptation.Two different patterns of selection have been reported due the G×E interaction and changes in the ranking of genotypes:in the high yielding environments(GY>5 Mg ha^-1),plants favor increased water uptake,with higher levels of transpiration and more open stomata(more negative values of carbon isotope composition,δ^13 C,and higher canopy temperature depression,CTD),whereas,in low yielding environments(GY<5 Mg ha^-1)plants close their stomata and favor greater water use efficiency(less negativeδ^13 C values and lower CTD values).
基金supported by the projects PID2019-106650RBC21(Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación,MICINN,Spain)and 0011-1365-2018-000213/0011-1365-2018-000150(Government of Navarre,Spain).J.S.is recipient of a FPI doctoral fellowship(Grant:PRE2020-091907)from MICINN,Spain.J.L.Asupport from ICREA Academia,Generalitat de Catalunya,Spain.S.C.K.is supported by the Ramon y Cajal RYC-2019-027818-I research fellowship from MICINN,Spain.
文摘Wheat grain quality characteristics have experienced increasing attention as a central factor affecting wheat end-use products quality and human health.Nonetheless,in the last decades a reduction in grain quality has been observed.Therefore,it is central to develop efficient quality-related phenotyping tools.In this sense,one of the most relevant wheat features related to grain quality traits is grain nitrogen content,which is directly linked to grain protein content and monitorable with remote sensing approaches.Moreover,the relation between nitrogen fertilization and grain nitrogen content(protein)plays a central role in the sustainability of agriculture.Both aiming to develop efficient phenotyping tools using remote sensing instruments and to advance towards a field-level efficient and sustainable monitoring of grain nitrogen status,this paper studies the efficacy of various sensors,multispectral and visible red-greenblue(RGB),at different scales,ground and unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV),and phenological stages(anthesis and grain filling)to estimate grain nitrogen content.Linear models were calculated using vegetation indices at each sensing level,sensor type and phenological stage.Furthermore,this study explores the up-scalability of the best performing model to satellite level Sentinel-2 equivalent data.We found that models built at the phenological stage of anthesis with UAV-level multispectral cameras using red-edge bands outperformed grain nitrogen content estimation(R2=0.42,RMSE=0.18%)in comparison with those models built with RGB imagery at ground and aerial level,as well as with those built with widely used ground-level multispectral sensors.We also demonstrated the possibility to use UAV-built multispectral linear models at the satellite scale to determine grain nitrogen content effectively(R2=0.40,RMSE=0.29%)at actual wheat fields.