Recent Progress in Reinforcement Learning and Adaptive Dynamic Programming for Advanced Control Applications

Reinforcement learning(RL) has roots in dynamic programming and it is called adaptive/approximate dynamic programming(ADP) within the control community. This paper reviews recent developments in ADP along with RL and its applications to various advanced control fields. First, the background of the development of ADP is described, emphasizing the significance of regulation and tracking control problems. Some effective offline and online algorithms for ADP/adaptive critic control are displayed, where the main results towards discrete-time systems and continuous-time systems are surveyed, respectively.Then, the research progress on adaptive critic control based on the event-triggered framework and under uncertain environment is discussed, respectively, where event-based design, robust stabilization, and game design are reviewed. Moreover, the extensions of ADP for addressing control problems under complex environment attract enormous attention. The ADP architecture is revisited under the perspective of data-driven and RL frameworks,showing how they promote ADP formulation significantly.Finally, several typical control applications with respect to RL and ADP are summarized, particularly in the fields of wastewater treatment processes and power systems, followed by some general prospects for future research. Overall, the comprehensive survey on ADP and RL for advanced control applications has d emonstrated its remarkable potential within the artificial intelligence era. In addition, it also plays a vital role in promoting environmental protection and industrial intelligence.

Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring

Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics(IHB)can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases.However,achieving biodegradability,biocompatibility,and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB.Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues.This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film(GCF)with mechanical programmability.The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics,an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa,and a Poisson’s ratio from-0.25 to 0.52.The negative Poisson’s ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces.The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability.Notably,the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration.The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.

Prohibitin 1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the p53-mediated mitochondrial pathway in vitro

BACKGROUND Prohibitin 1(PHB1)has been identified as an antiproliferative protein that is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed,and it participates in a variety of essential cellular functions,including apoptosis,cell cycle regulation,prolifera-tion,and survival.Emerging evidence indicates that PHB1 may play an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,the role of PHB1 in HCC is controversial.AIM To investigate the effects of PHB1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human HCC cells and the relevant mechanisms in vitro.METHODS HCC patients and healthy individuals were enrolled in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria;then,PHB1 levels in the sera and liver tissues of these participates were determined using ELISA,RT-PCR,and immunohistoche-mistry.Human HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were transfected with the pEGFP-PHB1 plasmid and PHB1-specific shRNA(shRNA-PHB1)for 24-72 h.Cell prolif-eration was analysed with an MTT assay.Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analysed using flow cytometry(FACS).The mRNA and protein expression levels of the cell cycle-related molecules p21,Cyclin A2,Cyclin E1,and CDK2 and the cell apoptosis-related molecules cytochrome C(Cyt C),p53,Bcl-2,Bax,caspase 3,and caspase 9 were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot,respectively.RESULTS Decreased levels of PHB1 were found in the sera and liver tissues of HCC patients compared to those of healthy individuals,and decreased PHB1 was positively correlated with low differentiation,TNM stage III-IV,and alpha-fetoprotein≥400μg/L.Overexpression of PHB1 significantly inhibited human HCC cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner.FACS revealed that the overexpression of PHB1 arrested HCC cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis.The proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly increased and the proportion of cells in the S phase was decreased in HepG2 cells that were transfected with pEGFP-PHB1 compared with untreated control and empty vector-transfected cells.The percentage of apoptotic HepG2 cells that were transfected with pEGFP-PHB1 was 15.41%±1.06%,which was significantly greater than that of apoptotic control cells(3.65%±0.85%,P<0.01)and empty vector-transfected cells(4.21%±0.52%,P<0.01).Similar results were obtained with SMMC-7721 cells.Furthermore,the mRNA and protein expression levels of p53,p21,Bax,caspase 3,and caspase 9 were increased while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Cyclin A2,Cy-clin E1,CDK2,and Bcl-2 were decreased when PHB1 was overexpressed in human HCC cells.However,when PHB1 was upregulated in human HCC cells,Cyt C expression levels were increased in the cytosol and decreased in the mitochondria,which indicated that Cyt C had been released into the cytosol.Conversely,these effects were reversed when PHB1 was knocked down.CONCLUSION PHB1 inhibits human HCC cell viability by arresting the cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis via activation of the p53-mediated mitochondrial pathway.

Hotspots and trends of risk factors in gastric cancer: A visualization and bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND The lack of specific symptoms of gastric cancer(GC)causes great challenges in its early diagnosis.Thus it is essential to identify the risk factors for early diagnosis and treatment of GC and to improve the survival rates.AIM To assist physicians in identifying changes in the output of publications and research hotspots related to risk factors for GC,constructing a list of key risk factors,and providing a reference for early identification of patients at high risk for GC.METHODS Research articles on risk factors for GC were searched in the Web of Science core collection,and relevant information was extracted after screening.The literature was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019,CiteSpace V,and VOSviewer 1.6.18.RESULTS A total of 2514 papers from 72 countries and 2507 research institutions were retrieved.China(n=1061),National Cancer Center(n=138),and Shoichiro Tsugane(n=36)were the most productive country,institution,or author,respectively.The research hotspots in the study of risk factors for GC are summarized in four areas,namely:Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,single nucleotide polymorphism,bio-diagnostic markers,and GC risk prediction models.CONCLUSION In this study,we found that H.pylori infection is the most significant risk factor for GC;single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)is the most dominant genetic factor for GC;bio-diagnostic markers are the most promising diagnostic modality for GC.GC risk prediction models are the latest current research hotspot.We conclude that the most important risk factors for the development of GC are H.pylori infection,SNP,smoking,diet,and alcohol.

Efficacy of wet-lab training versus surgical-simulator training on performance of ophthalmology residents during chopping in cataract surgery

AIM: To analyze whether wet-lab training(WLT) or surgical-simulator training(SST) is better for ophthalmology residents to master the chopping technique.METHODS: Sixty ophthalmology residents(in their second year) and three cataract surgeons participated in the study. The residents were randomly separated into two groups, WLT group and SST group. The residents in WLT group were asked to perform 10 trials of chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons, and then they performed and scored using simulator for one time. The residents in SST group underwent 10 trials of chopping using simulator, and the simulator scored each trail. Then, this group were asked to perform the chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons. At last, we investigated the residents’ satisfaction about the training.RESULTS: The demographic characteristics had no significant differences between the two groups. Recorded by the simulator, the residents in SST group got significantly higher overall score(83.90±1.31) than WLT group(78.73±1.92, P=0.03). And the residents in SST group got less corner area injured, and they spend less time than WLT group(P<0.05). Moreover, the residents in WLT group used more ultrasonic energy value than SST group(P=0.03). However, scored by the surgeons, the residents in two groups got nearly the same overall score. The residents in WLT group performed better on the frequencies of posterior capsule torn and incisional stress(P=0.03, 0.008, respectively). In the survey, the residents in two groups held the same opinion that the training was helpful and they strongly recommended this training. And all of them enjoyed the training, and enjoyed being randomized in their own group. However, with respect to the realistic character, the residents thought that WLT was better than SST(P<0.001).CONCLUSION: Both of the Eyesi surgical-stimulator and the wet-lab improve the residents’ chopping ability and each has its own advantages. The combination of the two training ways could be considered to be a part of the training curriculum for new residents.

Orbital liposarcoma: a retrospective, single-center study of thirteen patients

AIM:To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of thirteen patients with orbital liposarcoma.METHODS:The clinical history data of thirteen patients diagnosed as orbital liposarcoma at Beijing Tongren Hospital,from 2006 to 2021 were collected and analyzed.The data includes age,gender,affected orbital side,course of disease,status of disease(primary or recurrent),clinical manifestations,preoperative visual acuity,operative treatment,the relations between liposarcoma and surrounding tissue,longest diameter of liposarcoma,histological subtype,immunohistochemical indicators,follow-up treatment and prognosis.RESULTS:The initial symptoms are diverse.Proptosis is the most frequent chief complaint and the others included vision loss,epiphora,diplopia,and eyelid palpable mass.Results of imaging examination[computed tomography(CT)or magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)]showed orbital mass.In terms of treatment,10 patients received tumor resection,and the mean longest diameter of the tumor was 3.39±1.36 cm.The other 3 patients had optic nerve invaded,so they received orbital exenteration.Pathological examination results confirmed the diagnose of liposarcoma for 13 patients.Six patients displayed as myxoid type,and three patients in each type of dedifferentiated and welldifferentiated type.One patient was verified as pleomorphic,which was a rare type of liposarcoma.All of the patients showed Vimentin positive,and most showed CD34 and S-100 positive.Besides,four patients showed smooth muscle actin positive.All thirteen patients were alive.CONCLUSION:Orbital liposarcoma is a rare disease and it has no specific clinical manifestation.The diagnosis of liposarcoma should be considered when proptosis and orbital mass occurred in orbit.It is recommended to perform pathological examination to achieve early detection and early treatment.

Long-term outcomes of laser dacryoplasty combined with intubation using a new silicon tube in patients with lacrimal duct obstruction

AIM:To determine the 15-year outcomes of laser dacryoplasty(LDP)in patients with lacrimal duct obstruction;and to evaluate LDP combined with intubation using a new silicone tube to treat complicated cases.METHODS:Patients with lacrimal duct obstruction and treated with LDP between April 2000 and April 2005 were investigated retrospectively.Totally 116 eyes with completed 15-year follow-up records were included in this study.For complicated cases(52 eyes of 52 patients),both LDP and intubation using a self-made silicon tube were performed.For patients with uncomplicated obstruction(64 eyes of 61 patients),only LDP was performed.Outcomes were assessed based on results of lacrimal irrigation and degree of symptoms during follow-up.RESULTS:At the follow-up time of 15y,81 eyes achieved full success(69.8%);21 eyes got improved(18.1%);and 14 eyes were considered failure(12.1%).The success rate was 71.2%(37/52 eyes)for complicated cases;and 68.8%(44/64 eyes)for uncomplicated cases.No statistically significant difference between two groups was observed(P=0.961).No postoperative complication was observed.CONCLUSION:LDP is a well-tolerated,simple,and effective procedure with satisfactory long-term outcomes in selected patients,which make it a good alternative to conventional dacryocystorhinostomy.In addition,intubation with the self-made mono-canalicular silicone tube facilitates the management of complicated cases with few complications.

大鼠急性高眼压后视网膜神经节细胞自噬和副凋亡的发生

目的:观察急性高眼压后不同时间点大鼠视网膜神经节细胞中自噬及副凋亡的发生,并探讨其机制。方法:将50只健康成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、急性IOP损伤3d,1、4、8wk组。利用高眼压(elevated intraocular pressure,IOP)前房灌注法建立SD大鼠急性IOP损伤模型,取各组大鼠的视网膜组织,采用免疫荧光染色法检测视网膜微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)的表达;利用透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)检测视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)细胞质中自噬体及胞质空泡的产生,验证自噬及副凋亡的发生。结果:透射电镜观察可见大鼠RGCs细胞质中包裹着电子致密物的双层或多层膜的自噬泡,正常对照组、急性IOP损伤后3d,1、4、8wk组,RGCs细胞质中每50μm^2自噬泡数量分别为0.79±0.43、2.14±0.36、2.29±0.47、1.57±0.51、1.21±0.43个,急性IOP损伤后各组大鼠RGCs内每50μm^2自噬泡数量均较正常对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。正常对照组视网膜神经节细胞层(ganglion cell layer,GCL)仅见少量LC3阳性表达,LC3阳性细胞百分比15.90%。急性IOP损伤后3d,1、4、8wk组大鼠GCL中LC3阳性细胞百分比均较正常对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性IOP损伤后3d,1、4、8wk组大鼠每200μm内RGCs数量较正常对照组明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性IOP后3d持续至8wk透射电镜观察可见大量由线粒体和/或内质网肿胀形成的细胞质空泡。结论:急性IOP损伤后RGCs涉及自噬和副凋亡的激活,各种类型的程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)可作为单一细胞死亡的形式或多种细胞死亡形式共存,参与急性IOP后视网膜神经节细胞的损伤。

经微创球结膜切口巩膜外加压术联合激光治疗单纯性孔源性视网膜脱离

目的:比较经传统球结膜切口和微创球结膜切口行巩膜外加压术对单纯性孔源性视网膜脱离手术效果及术后舒适度的影响。方法:随机对照临床试验。选择2016-08/2018-11在我院眼科接受手术治疗的单纯性孔源性视网膜脱离患者80例80眼,随机分成两组,均接受巩膜外加压术联合术后光凝封闭裂孔,对照组40例40眼采用传统球结膜切口,试验组40例40眼采取微创球结膜切口。记录手术用时,术后1d经裂隙灯检查视网膜复位情况,并采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价疼痛情况,术后1、7、14、30d以问卷形式评价术后舒适度。结果:两组患者均顺利完成手术,试验组患者手术用时明显短于对照组(55.13±2.77min vs 56.63±3.69min,P=0.043)。术后1d,两组患者裂孔均位于术嵴中央或前坡上,裂孔周围视网膜复位良好,但试验组患者疼痛感明显小于对照组,且术后1、7d试验组患者舒适度明显高于对照组。结论:采用微创球结膜切口可以缩短手术时间,明显减少患者术后疼痛及不适感。

智能手机图像采集在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学实践中的应用

目的:探讨智能手机自带的图像及视频采集功能配合裂隙灯检查在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学中的应用。方法:利用手机支架将智能手机与裂隙灯显微镜一侧目镜相连接,通过调节裂隙灯光带配合前置镜、三面镜、房角镜的使用获取清晰图片或动态视频,然后在教学活动中使用无线局域网络连接、微信等软件,将影像资料传输给眼科规范化培训医师进行学习与交流,考核评价教学效果。结果:智能手机图像采集功能配合裂隙灯检查所获得的照片及动态视频能够清晰地显示眼部组织及病变特点;影像资料的快捷传输可以让更多的学生同时受到教育,及时互相交流;与传统裂隙灯检查教学方式相比很大程度上提高了规培生的学习兴趣、学习参与度及学习效率。结论:手机支架购买方便,简单易得,高像素的智能手机普及广泛,成像质量完全可以满足临床教学需要且丰富了临床教学资源;智能手机图像采集功能配合裂隙灯检查在眼科住院医师规范化培训教学实践中值得推广。

无机元素化学课程思政知识链构筑与教学实践

无机元素化学是面向理工科化学、材料类专业的必修课程。本文从化学元素周期表发展史、化学元素发现史、中国古代科学史、中国化学家榜样、化学元素“两面性”、拓展课程思政育人时空等方面,构筑无机元素化学课程思政知识链条,促进知识传授和学生的能力培养和价值塑造。

Imputation from SNP chip to sequence: a case study in a Chinese indigenous chicken population

Background: Genome-wide association studies and genomic predictions are thought to be optimized by using whole-genome sequence(WGS) data. However, sequencing thousands of individuals of interest is expensive.Imputation from SNP panels to WGS data is an attractive and less expensive approach to obtain WGS data. The aims of this study were to investigate the accuracy of imputation and to provide insight into the design and execution of genotype imputation.Results: We genotyped 450 chickens with a 600 K SNP array, and sequenced 24 key individuals by whole genome re-sequencing. Accuracy of imputation from putative 60 K and 600 K array data to WGS data was 0.620 and 0.812 for Beagle, and 0.810 and 0.914 for FImpute, respectively. By increasing the sequencing cost from 24 X to 144 X, the imputation accuracy increased from 0.525 to 0.698 for Beagle and from 0.654 to 0.823 for FImpute. With fixed sequence depth(12 X), increasing the number of sequenced animals from 1 to 24, improved accuracy from 0.421 to0.897 for FImpute and from 0.396 to 0.777 for Beagle. Using optimally selected key individuals resulted in a higher imputation accuracy compared with using randomly selected individuals as a reference population for resequencing. With fixed reference population size(24), imputation accuracy increased from 0.654 to 0.875 for FImpute and from 0.512 to 0.762 for Beagle as the sequencing depth increased from 1 X to 12 X. With a given total cost of genotyping, accuracy increased with the size of the reference population for FImpute, but the pattern was not valid for Beagle, which showed the highest accuracy at six fold coverage for the scenarios used in this study.Conclusions: In conclusion, we comprehensively investigated the impacts of several key factors on genotype imputation. Generally, increasing sequencing cost gave a higher imputation accuracy. But with a fixed sequencing cost, the optimal imputation enhance the performance of WGP and GWAS. An optimal imputation strategy should take size of reference population, imputation algorithms, marker density, and population structure of the target population and methods to select key individuals into consideration comprehensively. This work sheds additional light on how to design and execute genotype imputation for livestock populations.

Guggulsterone induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

AIM: To investigate the effects of guggulsterone on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatoma Hep G2 cells in vitro and relevant mechanisms.METHODS: Human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 cells and normal human liver L-02 cells were treated with different concentrations of guggulsterone(5-100 μmol/L) for 24-72 h. Cell proliferation was tested by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated using flow cytometry(FACS). Bcl-2 and Bax m RNA and protein expression was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF contents were determined by ELISA.RESULTS: Guggulsterone significantly inhibited Hep G2 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. FACS showed that guggulsterone arrested Hep G2 cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Guggulsterone induced apoptosis was also observed in Hep G2 cells, with 24.91% ± 2.41% and 53.03% ± 2.28% of apoptotic cells in response to the treatment with 50 μmol/L and 75 μmol/L guggulsterone, respectively. Bax m RNA and protein expression was significantly increased and Bcl-2 m RNA and protein expression was decreased. ELISA analysis showed that the concentrations of TGF-β1 and VEGF were significantly decreased and TNF-α concentration was increased.CONCLUSION: Guggulsterone exerts its anticancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in Hep G2 cells. Guggulsterone induces apoptosis by activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.

Energy Model for UAV Communications:Experimental Validation and Model Generalization

Wireless communication involving unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is expected to play an important role in future wireless networks.However,different from conventional terrestrial communication systems,UAVs typically have rather limited onboard energy on one hand,and require additional flying energy consumption on the other hand.This renders energy-efficient UAV communication with smart energy expenditure of paramount importance.In this paper,via extensive flight experiments,we aim to firstly validate the recently derived theoretical energy model for rotary-wing UAVs,and then develop a general model for those complicated flight scenarios where rigorous theoretical model derivation is quite challenging,if not impossible.Specifically,we first investigate how UAV power consumption varies with its flying speed for the simplest straight-and-level flight.With about 12,000 valid power-speed data points collected,we first apply the model-based curve fitting to obtain the modelling parameters based on the theoretical closed-form energy model in the existing literature.In addition,in order to exclude the potential bias caused by the theoretical energy model,the obtained measurement data is also trained using a model-free deep neural network.It is found that the obtained curve from both methods can match quite well with the theoretical energy model.Next,we further extend the study to arbitrary 2-dimensional(2-D)flight,where,to our best knowledge,no rigorous theoretical derivation is available for the closed-form energy model as a function of its flying speed,direction,and acceleration.To fill the gap,we first propose a heuristic energy model for these more complicated cases,and then provide experimental validation based on the measurement results for circular level flight.

Effects of temperature and point defects on the stability of C15 Laves phase in iron:A molecular dynamics investigation

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the stabilities of C15 Laves phase structures subjected to temperature and point defects. The simulations based on different empirical potentials show that the bulk perfect C15 Laves phase appears to be stable under a critical temperature in a range from 350 K to 450 K, beyond which it becomes disordered and experiences an abrupt decrement of elastic modulus. In the presence of both vacancy and self-interstitial, the bulk C15 Laves phase becomes unstable at room temperature and prefers to transform into an imperfect body centered cubic（BCC）structure containing free vacancies or vacancy clusters. When a C15 cluster is embedded in BCC iron, the annihilation of interstitials occurs due to the presence of the vacancy, while it exhibits a phase transformation into a（1/2） 111 dislocation loop due to the presence of the self-interstitial.

A Grid as Smart as the Internet

A new era of electricity is dawning that combines the decarbonization of the grid with the extensive electrification of all sectors of society.A grid as smart as the internet is needed to harness the full potential of renewables,accommodate technology disruptions,embrace the rise of prosumers,and seamlessly integrate nano-,mini-,and micro-grids.The internet is built upon a layered architecture that facilitates technology innovations,and its intelligence is distributed throughout a hierarchy of networks.Fundamental differences between data flows and power flows are examined.The current operating paradigm of the grid is based on the conviction that a centralized grid operator is necessary to maintain instantaneous power balance on the grid.A new distributed paradigm can be realized by distributing this responsibility to sub-grids and requiring each sub-grid to maintain its net power balance.A grid as smart as the internet based on this new paradigm,as well as a hierarchical network structure and a layered architecture of operating principles,is presented.

The MdABI5 transcription factor interacts with the MdNRT1.5/MdNPF7.3 promoter to fine-tune nitrate transport from roots to shoots in apple

Nitrate is a major nitrogen resource for plant growth and development and acts as both a crucial nutrient and a signaling molecule for plants;hence,understanding nitrate signaling is important for crop production.Abscisic acid(ABA)has been demonstrated to be involved in nitrate signaling,but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown in apple.In this study,we found that exogenous ABA inhibited the transport of nitrate from roots to shoots in apple,and the transcription of the nitrate transporter MdNRT1.5/MdNPF7.3 was noticeably reduced at the transcriptional level by ABA,which inhibited the transport of nitrate from roots to shoots.Then,it was found that the ABA-responsive transcription factor MdABI5 bound directly to the ABRE recognition site of the MdNRT1.5 promoter and suppressed its expression.Overexpression of MdABI5 inhibited ABA-mediated transport of nitrate from roots to shoots.Overall,these results demonstrate that MdABI5 regulates the transport of nitrate from roots to shoots partially by mediating the expression of MdNRT1.5,illuminating the molecular mechanism by which ABA regulates nitrate transport in apple.

Personalized Federated Learning for Individual Consumer Load Forecasting

Installation of smart meters enables electricity retailers or consumers to implement individual load forecasting for demand response.An individual load forecasting model can be trained either on each consumer’s own smart meter data or the smart meter data of multiple consumers.The former practice may suffer from overfitting if a complex model is trained because the dataset is limited;the latter practice cannot protect the privacy of individual consumers.This paper tackles the dilemma by proposing a personalized federated approach for individual consumer load forecasting.Specifically,a group of consumers first jointly train a federated forecasting model on the shared smart meter data pool,and then each consumer personalizes the federated forecasting model on their own data.Comprehensive case studies are conducted on an open dataset of 100 households.Results verify the proposed method can enhance forecasting accuracy by making full use of data from other consumers with privacy protection.

Joint Spectrum Sensing Based on Variance and Correlation Analysis

In this paper, a novel detection criterion is proposed to decide whether primary user(PU) exists based on joint analysis of the variance and correlation for observation signal,considering a correlation within the observed signal. Simultaneously, the corresponding detection thresholds are also designed. Simulation experiments verify the proposed method suits for the observation signal in Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN), Rayleigh,Rician channel and the detection performance is improved greatly.

Synthesis of Humin-based Carbon Quantum Dots and Luminescent Properties

The unique properties of carbon quantum dots （CQDs） make them promising materials in many ？elds. Herein, we present a facile method for the preparation of photo-luminescent CQDs using humins as the carbon precursor for the purpose of providing a high value-added solution for this “biomass conversion process waste”. The structure of the CQDs was analyzed, and the effects of reaction temperature and time on the CQDs’ ？uorescence were investigated. The results showed that humins were effectively carbonized during the reaction. The ？uorescence intensity of humin-based CQDs initially increased with reaction temperature and time, and subsequently decreased beyond 200℃ and 4 h. Polyaromatic structures and hydrophilic groups such as O-H, C-O, -COOH and C==O groups exist in the CQDs. The humin-based CQDs have the dimension of 3~7 nm with an average size of about 5.5 nm. The highest emission intensity of blue/cyan ？uorescence light at 440 nm is achieved on the excitation with UV light at the wavelength of 330 nm.