π-Extension and chlorination of non-fullerene acceptors enable more readily processable and sustainable high-performance organic solar cells

Organic solar cells(OSCs)processed without halogenated solvents and complex treatments are essential for future commercialization.Herein,we report three novel small molecule acceptors(NFAs)consisting of a Y6-like core but withπ-extended naphthalene with progressively more chlorinated end-capping groups and a longer branched chain on the Nitrogen atom.These NFAs exhibit good solubilities in nonchlorinated organic solvents,broad optical absorptions,closeπ-πstacking distances(3.63–3.84A),and high electron mobilities(~10^(-3)cm^(2)V^(-1)s^(-1)).The o-xylene processed and as-cast binary devices using PM6 as the donor polymer exhibit a PCE increasing upon progressive chlorination of the naphthalene end-capping group from 8.93%for YN to 14.38%for YN-Cl to 15.00%for YN-2Cl.Furthermore similarly processed ternary OSCs were fabricated by employing YN-Cl and YN-2Cl as the third component of PM6:CH1007 blends(PCE=15.75%).Compared to all binary devices,the ternary PM6:CH1007:YN-Cl(1:1:0.2)and PM6:CH1007:YN-2Cl(1:1:0.2)cells exhibit significantly improved PCEs of 16.49%and15.88%,respectively,which are among the highest values reported to date for non-halogenated solvent processed OSCs without using any additives and blend post-deposition treatments.

Small intestinal hemangioma:Endoscopic or surgical intervention? A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Hemangioma of the small intestine is a rare vascular malformation. Before the advent of capsule endoscopy(CE) and balloon-assisted enteroscopy(BAE), preoperative diagnosis of this disease was extremely difficult.CASE SUMMARY In this study, we report a 24-year-old female with a large transmural small bowel cavernous hemangioma, which was diagnosed with CE and BAE preoperatively and removed successfully using minimally invasive surgery. Meanwhile, we perform a literature review of the studies about intestinal hemangiomas published after 2000. Literature review revealed that 91.9% of the lesions were diagnosed preoperatively by CE and/or BAE and 45.9% of them were treated endoscopically, which is a marked improvement compared to before 2000. Therefore, CE and BAE are useful modalities for the preoperative diagnosis of hemangiomas in the small intestine. CONCLUSION Endoscopic treatment of intestinal hemangioma is generally prudent and might be suitable for multiple, relatively small lesions.

Multiplex PCR Screening of Y Chromosome Microdeletions in Azoospermic Patients

Objective To develop a multiplex PCR protocol for routine screening of microdeletions on the Y chromosome Methods Five multiplex sets were established and Y chromosome microdeletions screening were carried out in 26 azoospermic men who undertook ICSI and 30 azoospermic men who undertook testicular biopsy. Results In 56 azoospermic men, 5 patients were found with AZFc/DAZ microdeletions, 2 patients were accompanied by AZFc/DAZ and AZFb/RBM1 double microdeletion, and 1 patient had only single sY153 microdeletion. Conclusion The multiplex PCR protocol presented in this study is an easy and reliable method for detecting microdeletions on the Y chromosome. Routine screening for microdeletions on the Y chromosome in azoospermic patients is essential.

三维OCT分析累及黄斑的视网膜脱离巩膜扣带术后黄斑微结构与视力的关系

目的:探讨波及黄斑区的孔源性视网膜脱离(RRD)行巩膜扣带手术前后黄斑区三维光学相干断层扫描图像(3D-OCT)特征,分析其与视力的相关性。方法:回顾性系列病例,30例30眼波及黄斑区的RRD行巩膜扣带术治疗的临床资料,在术后2d,2wk,1、3、6mo随诊时双眼均行3D-OCT检查,观察椭圆体带(EZ)、外界膜(ELM)、黄斑区视网膜下液高度(SRFH)、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CRT)的变化,分析其与术后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)的关系。结果:术前,术后2d,2wk,1、3、6mo SRFH、CRT、BCVA均有差异(P<0.01),术后SRFH、CRT都有不同程度降低,术后BCVA都有不同程度升高,组内两两对比:除SRFH(2wk vs 1mo,P>0.05)、CRT(2d vs 2wk,P>0.05)、BCVA(2d vs术前,2wk vs术前,P>0.05)无统计学意义外,其余各项间的比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EZ、ELM形态可分为:A:EZ和ELM均连续(EZ+ELM+),9眼;B:EZ断裂和ELM连续(EZ-ELM+),7眼;C:EZ连续和ELM断裂:EZ+ELM-,6眼;D:EZ和ELM均断裂(EZ-ELM-),8眼,术后6mo上述4种类型的BCVA分别为0.15±0.04、0.50±0.06、0.54±0.05、0.59±0.09(F=87.210,P<0.05),两两比较:除C vs B和C vs D差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其余各组间的比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后2d的SRF发生率为87%,术后6mo仍有46.6%患者存在持续性SRF。术后CRT与术后SRFH具有正相关关系。结论:巩膜扣带术后黄斑微结构呈动态改变,SRF影响可能表现为BCVA延迟恢复,随着SRF缓慢吸收,CRT逐渐降低,BCVA逐渐升高;ELM或EZ连续提示有较好的BCVA,而ELM断裂可能提示视觉质量更差。

驴乳延缓皮肤衰老的研究

使用驴乳溶液处理正常人原代真皮成纤维细胞(HDFn细胞)和人永生化表皮细胞(HaCaT细胞),检测了驴乳对细胞活性、细胞增殖、损伤修复的影响。研究了驴乳溶液处理HDFn细胞后细胞外基质(胶原蛋白、基质金属蛋白酶)含量的影响。质量浓度为0.63~10 mg/mL驴乳作用于HDFn细胞和HaCaT细胞,细胞安全无毒性。通过BrdU法检测不同质量浓度的驴乳对HDFn细胞和HaCaT细胞的增殖能力,5、10 mg/mL驴乳具有显著的促进细胞增殖的作用(p<0.01)。与阴性对照相比,5、10 mg/mL驴乳可促进HDFn细胞中ColⅠ合成(p<0.01),抑制MMP-1分泌。5、10 mg/mL驴乳作用HDFn细胞24 h后,与阴性对照相比,细胞愈合率显著提高(p<0.01)。驴乳可促进细胞增殖、增加胶原蛋白含量、抑制MMP-1分泌、促进损伤修复,发挥延缓皮肤衰老的作用,为其在护肤品中的应用提供科学依据。

Isolation and initial characterization of GW5, a major QTL associated with rice grain width and weight

谷物重量是庄稼谷物产量的一个主要决定因素并且被自然地发生的量的特点 loci (QTL ) 控制。我们更早识别了控制米饭谷物宽度和重量的主要 QTL， GW5，它在米饭染色体 5 上被印射到一个再结合热点。获得 GW5 怎么控制米饭谷物宽度的更好的理解，我们进行了这个地点的好印射并且揭开在米饭栽培变种 Asominori 与增加的谷物宽度联系的 1 212-bp 删除，与苗条谷物米饭 IR24 比较。另外， 46 米饭栽培变种的 genotyping 分析表明这删除高度与谷物宽度显型被相关，建议 GW5 删除可能在米饭驯服期间被选择了。GW5 编码对原子核局部性的 144 氨基酸的新奇原子蛋白质。而且，我们证明 GW5 身体上在酵母与 polyubiquitin 交往二混血儿的试金。一起，我们的结果建议 GW5 代表主要 QTL 内在的米饭宽度和重量，并且它多半在 ubiquitin-proteasome 小径行动在种子开发期间调整房间分割。这研究提供新奇卓见进控制米饭谷物开发的分子的机制并且建议 GW5 能为庄稼的产量很高的繁殖用作一个潜在的工具。

驴油提升皮肤屏障功能及潜在作用机制研究

探讨驴油提升皮肤屏障功能的作用及其可能的作用机制。将十二烷基硫酸钠作用于体外重组三维表皮模型(EpiKutis)构建皮肤屏障损伤模型,采用四唑盐比色法(MTT)检测组织活力,利用酶联免疫吸附检测方法(ELISA)检测IL-1α的水平,考察驴油对人3D皮肤屏障损伤模型的屏障指数和IL-1α水平的影响。采用转录组高通量测序(RNAseq)技术揭示驴油对皮肤生理的机制,并揭示驴油提升皮肤屏障功能的可能机制。结果表明,驴油可显著提升人3D皮肤屏障损伤模型的屏障指数和降低IL-1α水平,效果与地塞米松类似。驴油作用于人3D皮肤模型后,筛选出1649个差异表达基因,其中619个基因上调,1030个基因下调。基因本体论(Gene Ontology,GO)功能富集分析表明差异表达基因与表皮发育、表皮细胞分化及皮肤发育有关;京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析结果表明差异基因参与TGF-β信号通路、IL-17信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、NF-κB信号通路等重要生物学通路,其中与驴油提升皮肤屏障功能有关的通路可能是TGF-β信号通路、HIF-1信号通路和NF-κB信号通路。

Neuroprotection mediated by natural products and their chemical derivatives

Neuronal injuries can lead to various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases,stroke,trauma,ischemia and,more specifically,glaucoma and optic neuritis.The cellular mechanisms that regulate neuronal death include calcium influx and calcium overload,excitatory amino acid release,oxidative stress,inflammation and microglial activation.Much attention has been paid to the effective prevention and treatment of neuroprotective drugs by natural products.This review summarizes the neuroprotective aspects of natural products,extracted from Panax ginseng,Camellia sinensis,soy and some other plants,and some of their chemical derivatives.Their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory action and their inhibition of apoptosis and microglial activation are assessed.This will provide new directions for the development of novel drugs and strategies to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

Homer signaling pathways as effective therapeutic targets for ischemic and traumatic brain injuries and retinal lesions

Ischemic and traumatic insults to the central nervous system account for most serious acute and fatal brain injuries and are usually characterized by primary and secondary damage.Secondary damage presents the greatest challenge for medical staff;however,there are currently few effective therapeutic targets for secondary damage.Homer proteins are postsynaptic scaffolding proteins that have been implicated in ischemic and traumatic insults to the central nervous system.Homer signaling can exert either positive or negative effects during such insults,depending on the specific subtype of Homer protein.Homer 1b/c couples with other proteins to form postsynaptic densities,which form the basis of synaptic transmission,while Homer 1a expression can be induced by harmful external factors.Homer 1c is used as a unique biomarker to reveal alterations in synaptic connectivity before and during the early stages of apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells,mediated or affected by extracellular or intracellular signaling or cytoskeletal processes.This review summarizes the structural features,related signaling pathways,and diverse roles of Homer proteins in physiological and pathological processes.Upregulating Homer 1a or downregulating Homer 1b/c may play a neuroprotective role in secondary brain injuries.Homer also plays an important role in the formation of photoreceptor synapses.These findings confirm the neuroprotective effects of Homer,and support the future design of therapeutic drug targets or gene therapies for ischemic and traumatic brain injuries and retinal disorders based on Homer proteins.

上海社区老人生活方式与轻度认知功能损害的关系（英文）

背景:轻度认知功能损害(Mild cognitive impairment,MCI)老人发展为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的风险比普通人群高10倍。对MCI诊断及早期干预有助于早期诊治AD,从而延缓其发展,改善MCI老人的生活质量。目的:分析上海社区老人生活方式与轻度认知损害的关系,从生活方式中寻找老年轻度认知损害的防治措施。方法:随机抽取1005名上海社区老人,最终确诊的265名MCI和607名正常老人作为研究对象,搜集这些老人的人口学、生活习惯等资料,进行单因素和多因素分析,寻找有统计学意义的指标。结果:单因素分析发现吸烟(χ~2=10.808,p=0.001)、饮茶(χ~2=11.74,p=0.001)、有业余爱好(χ~2=20.815,p<0.001)、读书(χ~2=28.670,p=0.001)、上网(χ~2=12.623,p=0.001)、摄影(χ~2=4.470,p=0.034)为MCI的保护性因素。多因素分析二项分类logistic回归分析发现,吸烟、读书、上网有统计学意义,其OR值分别为0.562(0.358-0.883)、0.428(0.253-0.726)、0.238(0.071-0.797)。即吸烟、读书、上网为MCI的保护性因素。结论:生活方式和MCI的发病相关,良好的生活习惯及行为方式对预防MCI有积极意义。

Relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population

Background Several studies have shown that afternoon napping promotes cognitive function in the elderly;on the other hand,some studies have shown opposite results.This current study further examined the relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population.Methods A total of 2214 elderly were included(napping group:n=1534;non-napping group:n=680).They all received cognitive evaluations by the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment,the Mini-Mental State Examination,and the Chinese version of the Neuropsychological Test Battery.Among all the subjects,739 elderly volunteered to take blood lipid tests.Results Significant differences in cognitive function and blood lipids were observed between the napping and the non-napping groups.Afternoon napping was associated with better cognitive function including orientation,language,and memory in the present study.Subjects with the habit of afternoon napping also showed a higher level of triglyceride than the non-napping subjects.Conclusion The results demonstrated that afternoon napping was related to better cognitive function in the Chinese ageing population.

抗战时期朱光潜在巴蜀的美学研究与进步文化活动

朱光潜抗战时期在四川的美学探索与进步文化活动,都紧密围绕“救亡图存”而展开。他开出的济世药方是“审美救国”,崇尚从人生的感化入手,从治疗人的劣根性开始。他寄希望于青年,试图以美育改造及培养青年。他还倡导创造的人生,“朝抵抗力最大的路径走”,激发、调动起全体国民的生命活力,从而推动中华民族的全面复兴。抗战中朱光潜的巴蜀时期,是其美学研究的一个重要时期,既是开创期,也是转折期。他以一种特殊的方式为中国现代美学贡献了力量。

Ground-state phases and spin textures of spin–orbit-coupled dipolar Bose–Einstein condensates in a rotating toroidal trap

We investigate the ground-state phases and spin textures of spin-orbit-coupled dipolar pseudo-spin-1/2 Bose-Einstein condensates in a rotating two-dimensional toroidal potential.The combined effects of dipole-dipole interaction(DDI),spin-orbit coupling(SOC),rotation,and interatomic interactions on the ground-state structures and topological defects of the system are analyzed systematically.For fixed SOC strength and rotation frequency,we provide a set of phase diagrams as a function of the DDI strength and the ratio between inter-and intra-species interactions.The system can show rich quantum phases including a half-quantum vortex,symmetrical(asymmetrical)phase with quantum droplets(QDs),asymmetrical segregated phase with hidden vortices(ASH phase),annular condensates with giant vortices,triangular(square)vortex lattice with QDs,and criss-cross vortex string lattice,depending on the competition between DDI and contact interaction.For given DDI strength and rotation frequency,the increase of the SOC strength leads to a structural phase transition from an ASH phase to a tetragonal vortex lattice then to a pentagonal vortex lattice and finally to a vortex necklace,which is also demonstrated by the momentum distributions.Without rotation,the interplay of DDI and SOC may result in the formation of a unique trumpet-shaped Bloch domain wall.In addition,the rotation effect is discussed.Furthermore,the system supports exotic topological excitations,such as a half-skyrmion(meron)string,triangular skyrmion lattice,skyrmion-halfskyrmion lattice,skyrmion-meron cluster,skyrmion-meron layered necklace,skyrmion-giant-skyrmion necklace lattice,and half-skyrmion-half-antiskyrmion necklace.

Targeting P21-activated kinase suppresses proliferation and enhances chemosensitivity in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma

T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma(T-LBL)is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a poor prognosis.P21-activated kinase(PAK)is a component of the gene expression-based classifier that can predict the prognosis of T-LBL.However,the role of PAK in T-LBL progression and survival remains poorly understood.Herein,we found that the expression of PAK1 was significantly higher in T-LBL cell lines(Jurkat,SUP-T1,and CCRF-CEM)compared to the human T-lymphoid cell line.Moreover,PAK2 mRNA level of 32 relapsed T-LBL patients was significantly higher than that of 37 cases without relapse(P=.012).T-LBL patients with high PAK1 and PAK2 expression had significantly shorter median RFS than those with low PAK1 and PAK2 expression(PAK1,P=.028;PAK2,P=.027;PAK1/2,P=.032).PAK inhibitors,PF3758309(PF)and FRAX597,could suppress the proliferation of T-LBL cells by blocking the G1/S cell cycle phase transition.Besides,PF could enhance the chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,through western blotting and RNA sequencing,we identified that PF could inhibit the phosphorylation of PAK1/2 and downregulate the expression of cyclin D1,NF-κB and cell adhesion signaling pathways in T-LBL cell lines.These findings suggest that PAK might be associated with T-LBL recurrence and further found that PAK inhibitors could suppress proliferation and enhance chemosensitivity of T-LBL cells treated with doxorubicin.Collectively,our present study underscores the potential therapeutic effect of inhibiting PAK in T-LBL therapy.

Spacelike Hypersurfaces of Prescribed Gauss-Kronecker Curvature in Exterior Domains

In this paper, we prove an existence theorem for spacelike convex hypersurfaces of prescribed Gauss curvature in Minkowski space.

Osteopontin Promotes Macrophage M1 Polarization by Activation of the JAK1/STAT1/HMGB1 Signaling Pathway in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background and Aims:Osteopontin(OPN)is reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).However,the function of OPN in NAFLD is still inconclusive.Therefore,our aim in this study was to evaluate the role of OPN in NAFLD and clarify the involved mechanisms.Methods:We analyzed the expression change of OPN in NAFLD by bioinformatic analysis,qRT-PCR,western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.To clarify the role of OPN in NAFLD,the effect of OPN from HepG2 cells on macrophage polarization and the involved mechanisms were examined by FACS and western blotting.Results:OPN was significantly upregulated in NAFLD patients compared with normal volunteers by microarray data,and the high expression of OPN was related with disease stage and progression.OPN level was also significantly increased in liver tissue samples of NAFLD from human and mouse,and in HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid(OA).Furthermore,the supernatants of OPN-treated HepG2 cells promoted the macrophage M1 polarization.Mechanistically,OPN activated the janus kinase 1(JAK1)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 1(STAT1)signaling pathway in HepG2 cells,and consequently HepG2 cells secreted more high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1),thereby promoting macrophage M1 polarization.Conclusions:OPN promoted macrophage M1 polarization by increasing JAK1/STAT1-induced HMGB1 secretion in hepatocytes.

Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19,while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendousflight reduction.Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality.In this study,a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA.The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides.NOx,NO_(2)and NO diminished by 55.8%,44.1%,76.9%,and 40.4%,33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019,under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6%and61.4%.The concentration of NO_(2),SO_(2)and PM_(2.5)decreased by 77.3%,8.2%,29.5%,right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020.The average concentrations of NO,NO_(2)and NOxscatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%,47.9%,57.4%and 62.3%,34.8%,41.8%lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019.However,a significant increase in O_(3)levels by 50.0% and 25.9%at WUH and SHA was observed,respectively.These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities,while amplified O_(3)pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NOxemissions.

Monitored anesthesia care and asleep-awake-asleep techniques combined with multiple monitoring for resection of gliomas in eloquent brain areas:a retrospective analysis of 225 patients

Background:Awake craniotomy(AC)has become gold standard in surgical resection of gliomas located in eloquent areas.The conscious sedation techniques in AC include both monitored anesthesia care(MAC)and asleep-awake-asleep(AAA).The choice of optimal anesthetic method depends on the preferences of the surgical team(mainly anesthesiologist and neurosurgeon).The aim of this study was to compare the difference in physiological and blood gas data,dosage of different drugs,the probability of switching to endotracheal intubation,and extent of tumor resection and dysfunction after operation between AAA and MAC anesthetic management for resection of gliomas in eloquent brain areas.Methods:Two-hundred and twenty-five patients with super-tentorial tumor located in eloquent areas underwent AC from 2009 to 2021 in Xijing Hospital.Forty-one patients underwent AAA technique,and the rest one-hundred eighty-four patients underwent MAC technique.Anesthetic management,dosage of different drugs,intraoperative complications,postoperative outcomes,adverse events,extent of resection and motor,and sensory and language dysfunction after operation were compared between MAC and AAA.Result:There was no significant difference in gender,KPS score,MMSE score,glioma grade,type,and growth site between the patients in the two groups,except the older age of patients in MAC group than that in AAA group.During the whole process of operation,there were greater pulse pressure difference(P=0.046),shorter operation time(P=0.039),less dosage of remifentanil(P=0.000),more dosage of dexmedetomidine(P=0.013),more use of antiemetics(81%,P=0.0067),lower use of vasoactive agent(45.1%,P=0.010),and lower probability of conversion to general anesthesia(GA,P=0.027)in MAC group than that in AAA group.Blood gas analysis showed that PetCO2(P=0.000),Glu concentration(P=0.000),and PaCO2(P=0.000)were higher,but SPO2(P=0.002)and PaO2(P=0.000)were lower in MAC group than that in AAA group.In the postoperative recovery stage,compared with that of AAA group,the probability of dysfunction in MAC group at 1,3,5,and 7 days after operation was lower,which were 27.8%vs 53.6%(P=0.003),31%vs 68.3%(P=0.000),28.8%vs 63.4%(P=0.000),and 25.6%vs 58.5%(P=0.000),respectively.Conclusion:Compared with AAA,it seems that MAC has more advantages in the management for resection of gliomas in eloquent brain areas,and MAC combined with multiple monitoring such as cerebral cortical mapping,neuronavigation,and ultrasonic detection is worthy of popularization for the resection of gliomas in eloquent brain areas.

Identification of a Stable Quantitative Trait Locus for Percentage Grains with White Chalkiness in Rice (Oryza sativa)

High chalkiness is a major problem in many rice-producing areas of the world, especially in hybrid rice （Oryza sativa L.） in China. We previously showed a major quantitative trait locus for the percentage of grains with white chalkiness （QTLqPGWC-8） in the interval G1149-R727 on chromosome 8 using a chromosome segment substitution line （CSSL）. Here, we selected the line-CSSL50 harboring the QTLqPGWC-8 allele from the CSSLs derived from a cross between Asominori （as a recurrent parent） and IR24 （as a donor parent）, which had higher percentage chalkiness, markedly different from that of Asominori. There were also significant differences in starch granules, appearance of amylose content （AAC） and milling qualities between Asominori and CSSL50, but not in grain size or thousand grain weight （TGW）. The BC4F2 and BC4F3 populations from a cross between CSSL50 and Asominori were used for fine mapping of qPGWC-8. We narrowed down the location of this QTL to a 142 kb region between Indel markers 8G-7 and 8G-9. QTLqPGWC-8 accounted for 50.9% of the difference in PGWC between the parents. The markers tightly linked to qPGWC-8 should facilitate cloning of the gene underlying this QTL and will be of value for marker-assisted selection in breeding rice varieties with better grain quality.

The calculation of equivalence factor for ecological footprints in China： a methodological note

The Ecological Footprint （EF）, a physical indicator to measure the extent of humanity＇s use of natural resources, has gained much attention since it was first used by Wackemagel and Rees in 1996. In order to appraise land area types with different levels of productiv- ity, they introduced the concept of an equivalence factor. This relates to the average primary biomass productivities of different types of land （i.e. arable land, pasture, forest, water/fishery, built-up land and fossil energy land） to the regional average primary biomass productivity of all land types in a given year. Hence, the equivalence factor is an important parameter in the EF model and it directly affects the reliability of all results. Thus, this article calculates equivalence factors on the national and provincial levels in China based on Net Primary Production （NPP） from MODIS 1 km data in 2008. Firstly, based on the Light Utility Efficiency and CASA model, the NPP of different biologically productive lands of China and of different provinces was calculated. Secondly, China＇s equivalence factor for 6 land area types was calculated based on NPP： arable land and built-up land has an equivalence factor of 1.71, forest and fossil energy land has a factor of 1.41, pasture has a factor of 0.44 and water/fishery 0.35; Finally, the equivalence factor of 6 land area types in different provinces was also calculated. The NPP of each ecosystem type varies along with the equivalence factor in different provinces. However, the ranking of the equivalence factors in different provinces remain the same, with that of arable land being the largest, and the water/fishery being the smallest.