Genetic variation in relation to adaptability of three mangrove species from the Indian Sundarbans assessed with RAPD and ISSR markers

Rich genetic polymorphism is important for plants to adapt to changes because it enables the plant to make anatomical,physiological and biochemical changes in response to abiotic stress.Geomorphologic characteristics,demographic interference and a cumulative decrease in freshwater influx in the Indian Sundarbans region have proved detrimental to some economically important plants.In this study,genetic polymorphism of three mangrove species,Xylocarpus granatum,Excoecaria agallocha,and Phoenix paludosa,was assessed using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers.X.granatum,already in distress in the Sundarbans,had the least genetic polymorphism,14.56%in the RAPD analysis and 12.92% in the ISSR.Relatively higher genetic polymorphism was recorded for the profusely growing E.agallocha and P.paludosa: 24.66 and26.4% in RAPD; 24.87 and 20.32% in ISSR analysis respectively.A UPGMA dendrogram constructed using the similarity matrix from RAPD,ISSR and combined datashowed that for X.granatum,the least and highest salinity zones clustered together,whereas for E.agallocha and P.paludosa,higher and lower salinity areas clustered in different clades.Nei’s genetic diversity,calculated from RAPD and ISSR data,was also in accordance with 0.0637 and 0.0583 for X.granatum,respectively,much lower than0.0794 and 0.0818 for E.agallocha and 0.0799 and 0.0688 for P.paludosa.This opposing degree of polymorphism might be attributed to the profusely growing E.agallocha and P.paludosa and precarious status of X.granatum throughout the Indian Sundarbans.

Health-Benefit Assets of Different Indian Processed Teas: A Comparative Approach

A comparative deliberation has been considered among three Indian processed teas (black, green and white) in respect to their prevalence of some secondary metabolites, antioxidant ability (ABTS and DPPH assay), nutritional properties, inorganic elemental profile and bactericidal efficiency. Green and white tea, incidence of total phenol, total flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and tannin are higher than the black. ABTS and DPPH study reveals lower IC50 occurred in Green tea. Green tea is enriched in Na, Fe, Mg, and Mn content;black is rich in K, Ca and white has highest Zn. Total sugar and free amino acid are highest in white tea;total protein content is almost same in all three types. Green tea is enriched with vitamin C. Antimicrobial asset is experienced against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus (gram + ve) and Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram?-?ve) bacteria. Study revealed that green tea has higher antimicrobial activity than the other two, though higher inhibitory effect of black tea might be attributed to the presence of substantial amount of tannin. Statistical evaluation reflects that in all organic and aqueous extracts, secondary metabolites correlate linearly with DPPH and ABTS assays but are not consistent with bactericidal efficiency in all cases.

Comparative Adaptability Assessment of Two Mangroves from Indian Sundarbans: Some Biochemical Appearances

Comparative adaptability against salinity was assessed between the two wellknown mangroves (Avicennia marina and Heritiera fomes) from Indian Sundarbans in vitro. Occurrence of H. fomes is intermittent in and around of this mangrove swamp. A harmony has to maintain between ROS production and efficient scavenging of ROS by the plant itself for sustainability. In the present work, extent of salt tolerance was evaluated by mainly two ways: i) accumulation of free amino acids in the cytoplasm for proficient osmotic adjustment and ii) promoting elevated amount of antioxidants (both enzymes and secondary metabolites) with respect to substrate salinity. Occurrence of free amino acids (Alanine, Leucine and Proline) in A. marinaare well correlated (p ≤ 0.01) with the increasing salinity and H. fomes (Alanine and Phenyl Alanine) correlation value showed p ≤ 0.05. ROS scavenging reflected through ABTS, DPPH and Fe2+ chelating activity and results indicating that A. marina have some advantage over the other investigated taxa. Amount of phenols and flavonoids also designated the same. Additional number of isoforms of two antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and super oxide dismutase) occurred in A. marina as the salinity enhanced, but in case of H. fomes, which was lacking. The experimental results might be designated towards the comfortable adaptability to A. marina, rather to H. fomes.