Effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties

AIM: To determine the effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties using Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.METHODS: Using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the temperament and character profiles of 41 participants with refractive errors(17 with myopia,12 with hyperopia, and 12 with myopic astigmatism) were compared to those of 30 healthy control participants.Here, temperament comprised the traits of novelty seeking, harm-avoidance, and reward dependence, while character comprised traits of self-directedness,cooperativeness, and self-transcendence.RESULTS: Participants with refractive error showed significantly lower scores on purposefulness,cooperativeness, empathy, helpfulness, and compassion(P 【0.05, P 【0.01, P 【0.05, P 【0.05, and P 【0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION: Refractive error might have a negative influence on some character traits, and different types of refractive error might have different temperament and character properties. These personality traits may be implicated in the onset and/or perpetuation of refractive errors and may be a productive focus for psychotherapy.

Corneal white-to-white distance and mesopic pupil diameter

·AIM:To study the relationship between corneal white-to- white (WTW) distance and mesopic pupil diameter. ·METHODS:This study is composed of 30 cases that underwent photorefractive keratotomy (PRK). Pupil size measurements were performed with Schwind ORK wavefront analyzer in mesopic conditions. WTW distance was measured with a measuring caliper. Also, A-scan ultrasound examination was performed in all patients. The relationship among the mesopic pupil diameter and age, sex, axial length, lens thickness, anterior chamber depth(ACD), horizontal WTW distance, vertical WTW distance, spherical equivalent, and average keratometry were analyzed with univariate and multivariate regression analysis. ·RESULTS:Mean pupil diameter was (6.39±0.80)mm (range:3.70mm to 7.73mm. Horizontal WTW distance measurements were between 11.00mm and 12.50mm and mean horizontal WTW distance was (11.79±0.43)mm. On the other hand, vertical WTW distances ranged between 10.00mm and 13.00mm, and their mean was(11.42±0.72)mm. Bivariate correlation between pupil diameter and other variables showed that the axial length, ACD, spherical equivalent, and horizontal WTW distance had a moderate correlation with mesopic pupil diameter. Multiple regression analysis revealed that spherical equivalent and horizontal WTW distances were significantly associated with mesopic pupil diameter (R =0.598, R 2=0.358 P =0.02). ·CONCLUSION:This study shows that mesopic pupil diameter is closely related to horizontal WTW distance. These two factors must be taken in consideration together in preoperative ablation zone planning.