薯—稻轮作模式下播种密度对旱直播水稻产量的影响

【目的】探明高地力条件下旱直播水稻播种密度对群体质量和产量的影响。【方法】在云南省冬马铃薯—水稻(以下简称“薯—稻”)轮作高地力土壤上进行田间试验,以超级杂交籼稻F优498为供试品种,设置行穴距30 cm×13 cm(CK)、30 cm×11 cm(D1)、30 cm×15 cm(D2)、30 cm×17 cm(D3)和30 cm×19 cm(D4)共5种播种密度,比较不同密度对出苗质量、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、干物质积累转运特征以及产量及其构成因素的影响。【结果】随着播种密度的减小,有效穗数逐渐减少,单穴茎蘖数逐渐增加,每穗粒数显著增加,使总颖花量维持在4.4×10^(8)/hm^(2)以上。不同播种密度在维持适宜LAI的同时,随着播种密度的减小,齐穗后干物质积累量和积累率增加,提高了收获指数,从而使产量保持在较高水平(12.0 t/hm^(2)以上)。【结论】在薯—稻轮作模式下,将旱直播水稻播种密度调减至30 cm×19 cm,有利于齐穗后干物质的积累,增加每穗粒数,实现产量的稳定高效,并具有节本增效的作用。

薯—稻模式下穗肥用量对直播籼稻产量及群体质量的影响

【目的】为实现水稻减肥稳产或者减肥增产、节本增效和减少环境污染的目标,探索云南省湿热籼稻亚区冬马铃薯—水稻轮作模式下直播籼稻高产高效的施肥新方法。【方法】在云南省临沧市双江县选择前作种植冬马铃薯的田块,以杂交籼稻品种F优498和隆两优1206为试验材料。在不施基蘖肥的基础上,设置0、60、90和120 kg/hm^(2)4个穗肥用量,分别以N_(0)、N_(1)、N_(2)和N_(3)表示,穗肥全部为氮肥,并且按照促花肥和保花肥质量比1∶1施用,研究穗肥用量对直播籼稻群体质量、光合特性及产量的影响。【结果】施用保花肥前,2品种不同施肥量之间茎蘖数差异不显著(P>0.05);施用保花肥后,能够减缓分蘖消亡速率,显著提高分蘖成穗率和有效穗数(P<0.05)。穗肥显著减小倒3叶与倒4叶相对叶色差,显著提高齐穗期叶面积指数、高效叶面积指数、每穗粒数和总颖花量(P<0.05),同时显著提高净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等光合特征参数,促进齐穗期、成熟期和齐穗后干物质积累(P<0.05)。施用60、90和120 kg/hm^(2)穗肥分别促使F优498增产12.10%、19.33%和17.34%,隆两优1206增产12.15%、19.35%和7.88%,2个品种均为穗肥用量90 kg/hm^(2)产量最高,其中F优498为10.36 t/hm^(2),隆两优1206为9.52 t/hm^(2),最高产量的实现是通过增加有效穗和每穗粒数获得高颖花量的同时维持较高结实率和千粒质量。最优穗肥用量90 kg/hm^(2)分别将F优498和隆两优1206氮肥农学效率提高到18.65和17.15 kg/kg。【结论】在云南前作种植冬马铃薯的田块,由于基础地力较高,采取前期不施基蘖肥,结合晒田控制水稻高峰苗过大,促使无效分蘖期叶色落黄,在倒4叶和倒2叶分别施用45 kg/hm^(2)纯氮作穗肥,可以减缓分蘖消亡速率,提高成穗率,增加有效穗数,促进大穗的形成,进而实现高产。

Dynamic Stability Analysis of Backhoe Dredger Based on Time Domain Method

When incidents happen with the positioning spud of a backhoe dredger,the hull loses stability,heels significantly,and may even capsize under extreme conditions.Coupling the hydrodynamics and spud vibrations,this paper investigates the dynamic stability of a backhoe dredger after spud failure based on the time domain method.The maximum dynamic heeling angle verifies the stability of the backhoe dredger.To identify the influences of environmental load,operating conditions,and spud-soil interactions,numerical motion simulations were conducted in the time domain.The main conclusions on dynamic stability consider the influences of relative environmental and operational factors.This study provides a powerful and efficient approach to analyze the dynamic stability of backhoe dredgers and to design flooding angles.

Numerical Simulation on Effect of Indenter Radius During Point Load Test

To investigate the effect of the radius of the spherical heads of the indenter on the results of a point load test,this study uses a discrete element model based on the flat joint contact for numerical simulation.Results show that the discrete element model based on the flat joint model can accurately describe the damage process and size effects of rocks under point loads.Damage of rock samples under the loading of different radii of the indenter can be characterized as vertical splitting damage,and the larger the radius of the indenter is,the larger the damage area.Values of the point load strength of rock samples increase with increasing the radius of the indenter and obey a power function relationship.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the spherical heads of indenters in point load tests and tool design for mechanical rock breaking.