Thyme oil and thymol abrogate doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms

This study aimed to assess the preventive effects of thyme oil and thymol on doxorubicin(DOX)-induced renotoxicity,cardiotoxicity,and oxidative stress in Wistar rats.Thyme oil was subjected to GC-MS analysis,which indicated that thymol was the major constituent representing 33.896%.Rats intraperitoneally injected with DOX at a dose of 2 mg/kg b.w./one per week for 7 weeks were co-treated with thyme oil and its major constituent,thymol,at doses 250 and 100 mg/kg b.w./every other day,respectively,by oral gavage for the same period.Thyme oil and thymol markedly ameliorated the raised levels of serum urea,uric acid,and creatinine in DOX-administered rats.They also reduced the elevated activities of serum CK-MB and LDH.Thyme oil was more effective than thymol in decreasing the elevated serum creatinine level and serum CK-MB activity in DOX-administered rats,thereby reflecting its more potent effect on kidney and heart functions.Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased while GSH level and GST and GPx activities significantly increased in kidney and heart of DOX-administered rats treated with thyme oil and thymol.The DOX-induced perturbed kidney histological changes including congestion of glomerulus tuft,inflammatory cells infiltration,protein cast in lumina of the renal tubule,and thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule were remarkably ameliorated as a result of treatment with thyme oil and thymol;thyme oil was more effective.In addition,DOX-induced deleterious heart histological alterations,including intramuscular infiltration of inflammatory cells,focal necrosis of cardiac myocytes,and edema,were remarkably reduced by treatment with thyme oil and thymol.Thus,it can be concluded that DOX could induce marked toxicity in kidney and heart,and the treatment with thyme oil or thymol produced potential improvement of kidney and heart function and histological integrity via repression of oxidative stress and enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Combinatory effect of hesperetin and mesenchymal stem cells on the deteriorated lipid profile,heart and kidney functions and antioxidant activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats

This study aimed to assess the effect of hesperetin and/or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs)on disturbed lipid profile,heart and kidney functions,oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting 40 mg/kg body weight(b.w.)STZ dissolved in citrate buffer(pH 4.5).The diabetic rats were treated with hesperetin orally administered at dose 20 mg/kg b.w.,BM-MSCs intravenously injected at a dose of 1 x 106 cells/rat/week and their combination for 6 weeks.The diabetic rats exhibited lipid abnormalities manifested by elevated serum levels of total cholesterol,triglycerides,LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol and lowered HDL-cholesterol as well as elevated liver cholesterol and triglycerides content in association with the resultant fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency.The heart function biomarkers including CK-MB,AST and LDH activities as well as levels of kidney function parameters,creatinine,and urea,were significantly raised in the serum of diabetic rats.These changes were concomitant with abnormal redox balance represented by elevated lipid peroxidation,decreased glutathione content,and suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities in both heart and kidney of diabetic rats.The previous deleterious alterations were significantly ameliorated after the treatment of diabetic rats with hesperetin and BM-MSCs singly or in combination;the treatment with hesperetin together with BM-MSCs was the most potent.Based on these findings,it can be concluded that the use of hesperetin with BM-MSCs may have more additive therapeutic value than their uses singly in T1DM.In addition,the ameliorative effects of hesperetin and BM-MSCs on lipid profile and heart and kidney functions in diabetic rats may be mediated,at least in part,via their suppressive effects on oxidative stress and ameliorative effects on the antioxidant defense system secondary to improvement in the hyperglycemia and insulin secretory response.

Perspective on early lens extraction for primary angle-closure glaucoma

Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is a subtype of glaucoma that affects 16 million people worldwide,of whom4 million are bilaterally blind.This prevalence of PACG is expected to increase to 21 million cases by 2020,and it is expected that 5.3 million people will become

Anti-proliferative and apoptotic efficacy of diallyl disulfide onEhrlich ascites carcinoma

Aim:This study was conducted to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor effects of diallyl disulfi de(DADS)against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma(EAC)and to suggest its probable mechanism of action.Methods:EAC was induced in female mice by intraperitoneal injection of EAC-cells from stock mice.EAC-bearing mice were orally treated with 100 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks beginning from the 1st day of EAC intraperitoneal transplantation.Cytotoxicity effects of DADS against EAC-cells in vitro were investigated at different concentrations(0,6.25,12.5,25,50,and 100μg/mL)of DADS using trypan blue exclusion assay.Results:Data from this study exhibited a signifi cant decrease in EAC-aliquot volume as well as total and alive EAC-cell number and a marked increase in dead EAC-cell number and percent in EAC-bearing mice treated with DADS as compared with EAC-bearing control.These changes were consistent with increased number of cells which exhibited phenotypic apoptotic signs marked by a decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2,an increase of pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest mediator p53 and an elevation of DNA fragmenting indicator terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in EAC-bearing mice treated with DADS.In addition,the tumor marker sialic acid level was markedly decreased in plasma and Ehrlich ascites in EAC-bearing mice treated with DADS.In vitro,DADS also produced anti-proliferative and anti-tumor cytotoxic potentials against EAC.Conclusion:DADS may have anti-cancer effects which may be mediated via modulation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.