Comparison of non-cycloplegic photorefraction,cycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children

AIM: To compare the results of noncycloplegic photorefraction, cycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic refraction in preschool and non-verbal children.METHODS: One hundred and ninety-six eyes of 98children(50 females, 48 males) were included in the study. Firstly, non-cycloplegic photorefraction was achieved with Plusoptix A09; secondly, cycloplegic photorefraction was carried out with Plusoptix A09 after10 min cyclopentolate. Finally, 30 min after instillation of twice cyclopentolate, cycloplegic refraction was obtained with autorefraction and/or standard retinoscopy. Spheric equivalent, spheric power, cylindric power and cylindrical axis measurements were statistically compared.RESULTS: The mean age was 28.8±18.5mo(range12-72mo). The differences in spherical equivalent, spheric power and cylindrical power measured by the three methods were found statistically significant(P 【0.05).The spherical equivalent and spheric power measured by cycloplegic photorefraction were statistically higher than the measurements of the other methods(P 【0.05). The cylindrical power measured by cycloplegic refraction was statistically lower than the measurements of the photorefraction methods(P 【0.05). There was no significant difference in cylindrical axis measurements between three methods(P 】0.05).CONCLUSION: For the determination of refractive errors in children, the Plusoptix A09 measurements give incorrect results after instillation of cyclopentolate.Additionally, the cylindrical power measured by Plusoptix A09 with or without cycloplegia is higher. However, the non-cycloplegic Plusoptix A09 measures spheric equivalent and spheric power similar to cycloplegic refraction measurements in preschool and non-verbal children.

A novel mutation of SGK-1 gene in central serous chorioretinopathy

AIM: To investigate the association of serum glucocorticoid kinase gene-1(SGK-1) DNA variants with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC).METHODS: We enrolled 32 eyes of 32 patients who were diagnosed with chronic CSC and composed 32 normal eyes as a control group. Peripheral blood was used for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification. SGK1 gene was sequenced by using Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing Kit(Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The SGK-1 gene and its variants were investigated in CSC patient group and control group.RESULTS: We identified a new polymorphism M32 V in two person in the patient group [Minor allele frequency(MAF) =0.009] on the region of 1-60 amino acids. The rs1057293 was located in the encoder region of the SGK- 1 gene but not associated with CSC(P =0.68). An intrinsic rs1743966 is also not associated(P =0.28).CONCLUSION: The new polymorphism M32 V is located on the region of 1-60 amino acids which is necessary for localization to the mitochondria in CSC patient. This mutation is probably important for the energy metabolism and plays an important role in the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress and other stress stimuli. Both rs1057293 and rs1743966 are not associated with CSC.