CO_(2) utilization: Developments in conversion processes

Carbon dioxide capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)eincluding conversion to valuable chemicals-is a challenging contemporary issue having multi-facets.The prospect to utilize carbon dioxide(CO_(2))as a feedstock for synthetic applications in chemical and fuel industries-through carboxylation and reduction reactions-is the subject of this review.Current statute of the heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation,as well as the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic activations of conversion of CO_(2) to value-added chemicals is overviewed.Envisaging CO_(2) as a viable alternative to natural gas and oil as carbon resource for the chemical supply chain,three stages of development;namely,(i)existing mature technologies(such as urea production),(ii)emerging technologies(such as formic acid or other single carbon(C1)chemicals manufacture)and(iii)innovative explorations(such as electrocatalytic ethylene production)have been identified and highlighted.A unique aspect of this review is the exploitations of reactions of CO2 ewhich stems from existing petrochemical plants-with the commodity petrochemicals(such as,methanol,ethylene and ethylene oxide)produced at the same or nearby complex in order to obtain value-added products while contributing also to CO_(2) fixation simultaneously.Exemplifying worldwide ethylene oxide facilities,it is recognized that they produce about 3 million tons of CO2 annually.Such a CO_(2) resource,which is already separated in pure form as a requirement of the process,should best be converted to a value-added chemical there avoiding current practice of discharging to the atmosphere.The potential utilization of CO_(2),captured at power plants,should also been taken into consideration for sustainability.This CO_(2) source,which is potentially a raw material for the chemical industry,will be available at sufficient quality and at gigantic quantity upon realization of on-going tangible capture projects.Products resulting from carboxylation reactions are obvious conversions.In addition,provided that enough supply of energy from non-fossil resources,such as solar[1],is ensured,CO_(2) reduction reactions can produce several valuable commodity chemicals including multi-carbon compounds,such as ethylene and acrylic acid,in addition to C1 chemicals and polymers.Presently,there are only few developing technologies which can find industrial applications.Therefore,there is a need for concerted research in order to assess the viability of these promising exploratory technologies rationally.