Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from thei...Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms.Moreover,lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source,which can be very effective for bioenergy production.Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose,hemicelluloses,lignin and protein.Apart from these components,based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids,flavonoids,lignin and antioxidants.This review explores a complete overview of the classification,component and the structure of the biomass.Moreover,it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.展开更多
Conservation agriculture(CA)is considered as a suitable technique for soil erosion control,productivity enhancement,and improved economic benefits.To investigate these issues,an experiment was conducted under rainfed ...Conservation agriculture(CA)is considered as a suitable technique for soil erosion control,productivity enhancement,and improved economic benefits.To investigate these issues,an experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions using grass vegetation strip(VS)with minimum tillage,organic amendments and weed mulch during June 2007-October 2011 at Dehradun,Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayan region.Results showed that the mean wheat equivalent yield was47%higher in the plots under with CA compared with conventional agriculture in a maize-wheat crop rotation.Mean runoff coefficients and soil loss with CA plots were45%less and54%less than conventional agriculture plots.On average,after the harvest of maize,soil moisture conservation up to 90 cm soil depth for wheat crop was 108%higher under CA than conventional agriculture plots.The net return from the plots with CA was 85%higher,and when expressed net return per tonne of soil loss,it was four and half times higher than conventional practice.Results demonstrate that the suitable CA practice(a grass strip of Palmarosa with applied organic amendments(farmyard manure,vermicompost and poultry manure)along with weed mulching under conservation tillage)enhances system productivity,reduces runoff,soil loss and conserve soil moisture.&2015 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press.Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).展开更多
文摘Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues.These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms.Moreover,lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source,which can be very effective for bioenergy production.Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose,hemicelluloses,lignin and protein.Apart from these components,based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids,flavonoids,lignin and antioxidants.This review explores a complete overview of the classification,component and the structure of the biomass.Moreover,it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.
文摘Conservation agriculture(CA)is considered as a suitable technique for soil erosion control,productivity enhancement,and improved economic benefits.To investigate these issues,an experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions using grass vegetation strip(VS)with minimum tillage,organic amendments and weed mulch during June 2007-October 2011 at Dehradun,Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayan region.Results showed that the mean wheat equivalent yield was47%higher in the plots under with CA compared with conventional agriculture in a maize-wheat crop rotation.Mean runoff coefficients and soil loss with CA plots were45%less and54%less than conventional agriculture plots.On average,after the harvest of maize,soil moisture conservation up to 90 cm soil depth for wheat crop was 108%higher under CA than conventional agriculture plots.The net return from the plots with CA was 85%higher,and when expressed net return per tonne of soil loss,it was four and half times higher than conventional practice.Results demonstrate that the suitable CA practice(a grass strip of Palmarosa with applied organic amendments(farmyard manure,vermicompost and poultry manure)along with weed mulching under conservation tillage)enhances system productivity,reduces runoff,soil loss and conserve soil moisture.&2015 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press.Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
