不同原料、热解温度对生物质炭化学性质及结构组成的影响

[目的]本文旨在研究热解温度和原料对生物质炭化学性质及官能团的影响,为优化生物质炭的化学性能提供科学依据。[方法]以小麦、水稻和玉米秸秆为原料,在3种温度(350、450和550℃)下进行热解,分别得到小麦秸秆生物质炭(WB350、WB450和WB550)、水稻秸秆生物质炭(RB350、RB450和RB550)和玉米秸秆生物质炭(CB350、CB450和CB550)。分析这些生物质炭的pH值、灰分含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全碳和全氮含量,采用红外光谱法和13C核磁共振波谱法分析生物质炭化学结构。[结果]当温度从350℃升至550℃时,小麦、水稻和玉米秸秆炭的pH值和C/N值均显著提高,全氮含量均显著降低;水稻和玉米秸秆炭的灰分含量显著提高,而CEC显著降低。从不同原料来看,当温度为350和550℃时,水稻、玉米和小麦秸秆生物质炭的灰分含量依次递减。同一温度下,玉米秸秆炭的CEC显著高于小麦和水稻秸秆炭的CEC。同一温度下小麦、玉米和水稻秸秆炭的全碳含量依次递减;玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆炭的全氮含量依次递减;小麦、水稻和玉米秸秆生物质炭的C/N值依次递减。随着温度的升高,生物质炭中各种芳香族官能团含量增多,脂肪族官能团含量减少。温度为550℃时,水稻秸秆生物质炭的—CH2和SiO2的吸收振动强于玉米和小麦生物质炭,水稻、小麦和玉米秸秆炭的芳香性指数依次递减;当温度为350℃时,水稻、玉米和小麦秸秆炭的烷基指数依次递减。[结论]不同温度和原料制备的生物质炭中,550℃热解温度下的生物质炭具有较高的pH值,故推荐施用550℃热解的生物质炭来改良酸性土壤;玉米秸秆生物质炭的CEC较高,有利于提高土壤的肥力水平;而水稻秸秆生物质炭在350℃热解温度下含有较高的灰分含量和较多的脂肪族官能团,而在550℃热解温度下芳香性指数较大,其可能是同时增强土壤肥力和实现土壤固碳减排的潜在良好材料。

生物质炭对连作参地土壤肥力及微生物特性的影响

为分析生物质炭用于老参地土壤修复的可行性,本研究采用Biolog、高通量测序等技术研究了3种生物质炭对连作参地人参品质、土壤肥力、微生物群落结构与功能多样性变化的影响。结果显示,增施不同生物质炭均有助于两年生重茬人参生物量及总皂苷含量的积累。结合生物质炭对土壤性质的影响研究结果发现,不同生物质炭对土壤有效磷、有机碳含量具有稳定的提升效果,增幅分别为47.04%~237.73%、8.09%~38.71%。增施生物质炭促进了土壤微生物的代谢活性,增加了土壤对聚合物类、酚酸类、氨基酸类、羧酸类碳源的利用效率,其中以酚酸类物质为底物的功能微生物种群数量显著增加。高通量测序结果显示,老参地土壤细菌物种数、丰度与多样性均呈下降趋势,细菌优势门类减少,单个门类优势度上升。生物质炭处理下土壤中细菌丰度与多样性增加,调控了变形菌门、厚壁菌门、疣微菌门、芽单胞菌门的优势度,使其数量变化趋势趋向于新林土。上述分析表明,重茬人参生物量和品质的提高与生物质炭提升土壤中人参生长的关键肥力指标,促进微生物代谢,调控细菌群落结构变化趋势有关。综上,生物质炭对老参地土壤表现出良好的修复、改良作用,适量增施生物质炭有利于老参地土壤质量的调节与恢复。

生物质炭对人参连作土壤微生物组成及功能的影响

【目的】探究栽培人参Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.后土壤细菌群落多样性与功能变化,以及增施生物质炭对土壤细菌群落多样性与功能的影响。【方法】对人参连作土壤进行不同生物质炭改良的田间试验,结合高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌群落多样性与功能变化。【结果】植参土壤(前茬作物为三年生人参)中Spartobacteria_genera_incertae_sedis、Sphingomonas、Gemmatimonas、Afipia、Gp1、Gp2、Gp3、Gp6、Rummeliibacillus 9个属细菌数量显著降低,表明栽培人参或人参根系分泌物可能抑制上述细菌的生长。另外,植参土壤Gaiella属细菌数量显著增加,添加生物质炭后该属优势度进一步增加;说明栽培人参或人参根系分泌物以及施用生物质炭均可促进该细菌的生长。相较于新林土,植参土壤细菌数量、群落多样性、细菌分类组成及优势属占比均不同程度地下降,单优势种群比例上升。生物质炭处理对上述劣变趋势具有一定的正向调节作用,细菌分类组成及数量变化趋势趋向于新林土,并协助提升细菌染色质结构和动力学,转录,复制、重组和修复,信号转导机制与细胞防御功能。【结论】增施生物质炭能够提升植参土壤细菌多样性,调节细菌群落结构以及细菌功能,使老参地土壤朝良好的方向发展。研究结果为连作人参土壤的修复及人参栽培提供了理论参考。

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region,China

Developing realistic soil carbon （C） sequestration strategies for China＇s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil （ca. 30 cm）. Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon （SOC） generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC （30%-40%） is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2-0.25 and 0.25-0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. δ^13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter δ^1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with different pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.

从土壤腐殖质分组到分子有机质组学认识土壤有机质本质

梳理了与土壤生态系统功能相联系的,特别是对固碳减排的土壤有机质本质认识的研究进展及路径,探讨了经典腐殖质学说存在的问题,概述了新近的有机质保护稳定学说及腐殖质组学学说,并追溯了生物标志物有机质分子研究,最后从土壤学的基本理念和理论出发讨论和重新认识土壤有机质的本质及其价值。从形成条件、分离条件和分子鉴定等多方面分析,土壤腐殖质形成和稳定学说越来越显示出局限性;而面向气候变化的碳固定研究可以深入探析土壤有机质的复杂存在状态。越来越认识到土壤有机质是投入土壤的有机物质经不同程度生物利用或降解的产物残留,只是被土壤不同程度地区隔和封闭,本质上仍是分子量变化极大的生命源有机物的集合。因此,可通过生物标志物分子作为靶标在土壤中提取和识别,该技术的发展将孕育萌生土壤有机质分子组学。后者可以用于判读土壤有机质的结构支撑、反应活性和促生功能等方面的本质差别,这些差别可能是由有机分子组成结构及存在状态所决定而不是由有机分子稳定性决定的。从这个概念出发,类似于土壤微生物分子生态,土壤有机质的丰度、组成、结构与功能间的联系可能是土壤有机质本质的核心问题。对这种关系的量化和参数化表征可用以探索土壤有机质永续固定,且可以保持生命活性的土壤有机质的管理策略及技术,并配合土壤的团聚体理论诠释土壤的本质和生态系统功能服务,这将是未来土壤学服务人类可持续发展的理论立足点。

6种低温生物质炭的制备及结构表征

以6种常见的农业废弃物为原料,研究其生物质炭制备工艺及结构特征,并探究炭化物用于土壤改良的可行性。采用正交试验设计生物质炭制备工艺,结合比表面积、红外光谱、扫描电镜等分析产物理化性质及结构特点。结果表明:分别优化得到6种低温生物质炭的制备工艺,其得率大小排列顺序:玉米芯(36.10%)>玉米秸秆(34.73%)>瓜子壳(34.07%)>菇渣(33.89%)>杨树枝条(32.28%)>大豆秸秆(28.16%);杨树炭、菇渣炭、大豆秸秆炭中灰分含量较大,田间持水量较高,且表面富含多种离子,表明其保水保肥性能较优;玉米芯炭、瓜子壳炭碳含量较高,施入土壤有助于增加土壤碳汇;菇渣炭和玉米芯炭比表面积较大,电镜照片显示其孔隙发达,内部孔隙彼此贯通,显示了良好的吸附性能。

Perspectives on studies on soil carbon stocks and the carbon sequestration potential of China

Soil carbon stocks and sequestration have been given a lot of attention recently in the study of terrestrial ecosystems and global climate change.This review focuses on the progress made on the estimation of the soil carbon stocks of China,and the characterization of carbon dynamics of croplands with regard to climate change,and addresses issues on the mineralization of soil organic carbon in relation to greenhouse gas emissions.By integrating existing research data,China's total soil organic carbon(SOC) stock is estimated to be 90 Pg and its inorganic carbon(SIC) stock as 60 Pg,with SOC sequestration rates in the range of 20-25 Tg/a for the last two decades.An estimation of the biophysical potential of SOC sequestration has been generally agreed as being 2 Pg over the long term,of which only 1/3 could be attainable using contemporary agricultural technologies in all of China's croplands.Thus,it is critical to enhance SOC sequestration and mitigate climate change to improve agricultural and land use management in China.There have been many instances where SOC accumulation may not induce an increased amount of decomposition under a warming scenario but instead favor improved cropland productivity and ecosystem functioning.Furthermore,unchanged or even decreased net global warming potential(GWP) from croplands with enhanced SOC has been reported by a number of case studies using life cycle analysis.Future studies on soil carbon stocks and the sequestration potential of China are expected to focus on:(1) Carbon stocks and the sequestration capacity of the earths' surface systems at scales ranging from the plot to the watershed and(2) multiple interface processes and the synergies between carbon sequestration and ecosystem productivity and ecosystem functioning at scales from the molecular level to agro-ecosystems.Soil carbon science in China faces new challenges and opportunities to undertake integrated research applicable to many areas.

Changes in cropland topsoil organic carbon with different fertilizations under long-term agro-ecosystem experiments across China's Mainland

Topsoil soil organic carbon(SOC) data were collected from long-term Chinese agro-ecosystem experiments presented in 76 reports with measurements over 1977 and 2006.The data set comprised 481 observations(135 rice paddies and 346 dry croplands) of SOC under different fertilization schemes at 70 experimental sites(28 rice paddies and 42 dry croplands).The data set covered 16 dominant soil types found in croplands across 23 provinces of China's Mainland.The fertilization schemes were grouped into six categories:N(inorganic nitrogen fertilizer only),NP(compound inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers),NPK(compound inorganic nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers),O(organic fertilizers only),OF(combined inorganic/organic fertilization) and Others(other unbalanced fertilizations such as P only,K only,P plus K and N plus K).Relative change in SOC content was analyzed,and rice paddies and dry croplands soils were compared.There was an overall temporal increase in topsoil SOC content,and relative annual change(RAC,g kg-1 yr-1) ranged -0.14-0.60(0.13 on average) for dry cropland soils and -0.12-0.70(0.19 on average) for rice paddies.SOC content increase was higher in rice paddies than in dry croplands.SOC increased across experimental sites,but was higher under organic fertilization and combined organic/inorganic fertilizations than chemical fertilizations.SOC increase was higher under balanced chemical fertilizations with compound N,P and K fertilizers than unbalanced fertilizations such as N only,N plus P,and N plus K.The effects of specific rational fertilizations on SOC increase persisted for 15 years in dry croplands and 20 years in rice paddies,although RAC values decreased generally as the experiment duration increased.Therefore,the extension of rational fertilization in China's croplands may offer a technical option to enhance C sequestration potential and to sustain long-term crop productivity.

Developing More Effective Enhanced Biochar Fertilisers for Improvement of Pepper Yield and Quality

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P < 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P < 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.

Feeding Biochar to Cows:An Innovative Solution for Improving Soil Fertility and Farm Productivity

Addition of biochar produced through thermal decomposition of biomass has been seen as a strategy to improve soils and to sequester carbon(C), but wide scale implementation of the technology requires to devise innovative profitable solutions. To develop biochar utilisation with an integrated system approach, an innovative program was implemented in 2012 on a 53-ha farm in Western Australia to determine the costs and benefits of integrating biochar with animal husbandry and improvement of pastures. Biochar was mixed with molasses and fed directly to cows. The dung-biochar mixture was incorporated into the soil profile by dung beetles.We studied the changes in soil properties over 3 years. Biochar extracted from fresh dung and from the soil to a depth of 40 cm was characterised. A preliminary financial analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated approach was also undertaken. The preliminary investigation results suggested that this strategy was effective in improving soil properties and increasing returns to the farmer. It was also concluded that the biochar adsorbed nutrients from the cow's gut and from the dung. Dung beetles could transport this nutrient-rich biochar into the soil profile. There was little evidence that the recalcitrant component of the biochar was reduced through reactions inside the gut or on/in the soil. Further research is required to quantify the long-term impact of integrating biochar and dung beetles into the rearing of cows.

Effects of acetylene at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass nitrogen concentrations in forest soils

Temperate forest surface soils at the varying distances from main trunks (e.g., Pinus koraiensis and Quercus mongolica) were used to study the effects of acetylene (C2H2) at low concentrations on nitrification, mineralization and microbial biomass N concentrations of the soils, and to assess the contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils. The use of acetylene at partial pressures within a range from 10 to 100 Pa C2H2 in headspace gas gave a significant decrease in N2O emission at soil moisture of c. 45% water-filled porosity space, and the decrease was almost the same in each soil after exposure of C2H2 at low concentrations. Heterotrophic nitrification could account for 21%―48% of total N2O emission from each soil; the contribution would increase with increasing distances from the Pinus koraiensis trunks rather than from the Quercus mongolica trunks. Under the experimental conditions, the use of C2H2 at low concentrations showed no significant influ- ence on soil microbial biomass N, net N mineralization and microbial respiration. However, 100 Pa C2H2 in headspace gas could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soils. According to the rapid consumption of 10 Pa C2H2 by forest soils and convenience for laboratory incubations, 50 Pa C2H2 in headspace gas can be used to study the origin of N2O emissions from forest soils under aerobic con- ditions and the key associated driving mechanisms. The N2O and CO2 emissions from the soils at the same distances from the Quercus mongolica trunks were larger than those from the Pinus koraiensis trunks, and both emissions decreased as the distances from trunks increased. The stepwise regression analysis showed that 95% of the variability in soil CO2 emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total C and water soluble organic C and soil pH, and that 72% of the variability in soil N2O emissions could be accounted for by the concentrations of soil total N, exchangeable NH+4-N and microbial biomass N and 25% of the variability in heterotrophic nitrification by the soil microbial biomass N concentration. The emissions of N2O and CO2 from forest soils after exposure of C2H2 at low concentrations were positively related to the net nitrification of the soils.