Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research...Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na^＋ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl^-, NO3^- , SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. However, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it： firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.展开更多
The data of 160 national meteorological observatory stations including the long-term monthly temperature data in China were analyzed to study the seasonal variation of the spatial temperature structures across China i...The data of 160 national meteorological observatory stations including the long-term monthly temperature data in China were analyzed to study the seasonal variation of the spatial temperature structures across China in the past half century. It is found that temperature structures differ between seasons: a latitude temperature pattern in winter and a landform temperature pattern in summer, which indicate that the effect of landform on temperature structure is much stronger in summer than that in winter and the effect of latitudinal temperature is much stronger in winter than that in summer. The mechanisms of the seasonal difference in temperature structures are also discussed in this paper.展开更多
As the unprecedented global warming is under way, the glacier retreat is getting more and more serious. In the inland arid area of Northwest China, due to very scarce precipitation, where there is water, there are oas...As the unprecedented global warming is under way, the glacier retreat is getting more and more serious. In the inland arid area of Northwest China, due to very scarce precipitation, where there is water, there are oases. And the glacier melt water amounts to 22 % of the total direct supply of the inland river water and is of crucial importance to the survival and development of the oases. In this paper, using both the observed data and the previous research achievements of the glaciers in the inland valley of Northwest China where the oasis depending on the glacier is the only location suitable for human living, the authors describe the glacier retreat trend over the past half century, focusing on discussing the possible impact of the glacier retreat on the melt water runoff that is almost the only water resource efficient to nourish the oases. The authors find that even with increasing amount of water from the glacier with global warming, the water shortage is getting more and more serious and the environment is under a degrading way due to the accelerating economical development. The water shortage is bound to be more serious if the glacier retreat keeps on, especially after the glacier melt water is over its top for the degradedglacier scale. So suggestions are stressed in the end that a new water-saving pattern should be adopted in the area for a sustainable development due to the warming-up induced continuous glacier retreat.展开更多
Based on the data of δ^18O in surface snow, snow pits, meltwater and the glacier-fed fiver water at Baishui Glacier No. 1, Mt. Yulong, the isotopic fractionation behaviors in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier s...Based on the data of δ^18O in surface snow, snow pits, meltwater and the glacier-fed fiver water at Baishui Glacier No. 1, Mt. Yulong, the isotopic fractionation behaviors in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier system in winter and summer were compared. The results indicate that the isotopic fractionation degree in summer is greater than that in winter, suggesting that the snow/ice melting is more intense in summer. Moreover, whenever it is in winter or summer, from surface snow to meltwater, and to glacier-fed fiver water, the gradient of δ^18O with altitude gradually increases. This shows that the degree of isotopic fractionation gradually strengthens when surface snow is being converted into meltwater and finally into glacial fiver water, which suggests that the influence of post-depositional processes on δ^18O gradient in the monsoonal temperate glacier region differs spatially.展开更多
The data of 160 national meteorological observatory(NMO)stations with long-term monthly temperature data for China were analyzed in this study to show the basin-centered summer temperature decrease against global warm...The data of 160 national meteorological observatory(NMO)stations with long-term monthly temperature data for China were analyzed in this study to show the basin-centered summer temperature decrease against global warming in the past half century. The summer and winter isotherm structures of 1950s and 1990s worked out by interpolation show the isotherm structure variations: the isotherm structure generally moves northward in winter, but in summer it is characterized with separate high-temperature and low-temperature centers and the isotherm structure moves inward the centers with global warming, indicating that the temperature in the highland areas increases but that in the lowland areas decreases in the summer of the duration. The possible mechanism of the basin-centered temperature decrease in summer is discussed in this paper.展开更多
The ^(17)O anomaly of oxygen(Δ^(17)O,calculated from δ^(17)O and δ^(18)O)trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean has been respectively used to evaluate the past biosphere productivity at a global scale a...The ^(17)O anomaly of oxygen(Δ^(17)O,calculated from δ^(17)O and δ^(18)O)trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean has been respectively used to evaluate the past biosphere productivity at a global scale and gross oxygen production(GOP)in the mixed layer(ML)of ocean.Compared to traditional methods in GOP estimation,triple oxygen isotope(TOI)method provides estimates that ignore incubation bottle effects and calculates GOP on larger spatial and temporal scales.Calculated from TOI of O_(2) trapped in ice-core bubbles,the averaged global biological productivities in past glacial periods were about 0.83-0.94 of the present,and the longest time record reached 400 ka BP(thousand years before the present).TOI-derived GOP estimation has also been widely applied in open oceans and coastal oceans,with emphasis on the ML.Although the TOI method has been widely used in aquatic ecosystems,TOI-based GOP is assumed to be constant at a steady state,and the influence of physical transports below the ML is neglected.The TOI method applied to evaluate past total biospheric productivity is limited by rare samples as well as uncertainties related to O_(2) consumption mechanisms and terrestrial biosphere’s hydrological processes.Future studies should take into account the physical transports below the ML and apply the TOI method in deep ocean.In addition,study on the complex land biosphere mechanisms by triple isotope composition of O_(2) trapped in ice-core bubbles needs to be strengthened.展开更多
Based on the daily δ^(18)O data in June―September 2003 at Lijiang and the daily mean NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, synoptic-scale variation of δ^(18)O in summer monsoon rainfall was investigated. The 'precipitati...Based on the daily δ^(18)O data in June―September 2003 at Lijiang and the daily mean NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, synoptic-scale variation of δ^(18)O in summer monsoon rainfall was investigated. The 'precipitation amount effect' is obvious for the daily δ^(18)O variation, whereas the 'temperature effect' is insignificant. Alternate occurrences of active phase and break phase of the southwest monsoon probably influence the synoptic-scale δ^(18)O variation prominently. Moreover, the isotopic composition in precipitation during the late monsoon months is presumably influenced significantly by recycling of monsoon precipitation. Both the above factors disturb the 'amount effect' of isotopic variation in the monsoon region. This study also indicates that the synoptic-scale rainfall δ^(18)O variation at Lijiang in summer is domi-nated by the Indian monsoon depression (low pressure) system at large scale. These results are important for further studying the 'amount effect' and reconstructing paleoclimate in the monsoon region.展开更多
A 109.91 m ice core was recovered from Dome A (or Dome Argus), the highest ice feature in Antarctica, during the 2004/05 austral summer by the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-21). Both met...A 109.91 m ice core was recovered from Dome A (or Dome Argus), the highest ice feature in Antarctica, during the 2004/05 austral summer by the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-21). Both methane profile along the core and firn densification model calculation suggest that the close-off depth is at about 102.0 m with an ice age about 4200 a. Stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) of the chips samples produced during each run of ice core drilling at Dome A, together with those of the other cores recovered from the eastern inland Antarctica, suggest a relative stable climate with a temperature fluctuation amplitude about ±0.6℃ at the eastern inland Antarctica during the late Holocene. The average d-excess (or d =δ D-8δ 18O) of 17.1‰ along the Dome A core is probably the highest among the Antarctic inland ice cores, which may be resulted from the kinetic fractionation during the snow formation under an oversaturation condition. Moreover, the increasing trend of d-excess during the late Holocene reflects mainly the migration of the water source area for precipitation at Dome A towards low latitudes. This paper presents the first results of a shallow ice core recovered from the unexplored highest area of the Antarctic ice sheet, providing a background for the proposing deep ice core drilling at Dome A.展开更多
Stable isotopic composition in Antarctic snow and ice is commonly regarded as one of invaluable palaeoclimate proxies and plays a critically important role in reconstructing past climate change.In this paper we summar...Stable isotopic composition in Antarctic snow and ice is commonly regarded as one of invaluable palaeoclimate proxies and plays a critically important role in reconstructing past climate change.In this paper we summarized the spatial distribution and the controlling factors of δD,δ18O,d-excess and 17O-excess in Antarctic snow and ice,and discussed their reliability and applicability as palaeoclimate proxies.Recent progress in the stable isotopic records from Antarctic deep ice cores was reviewed,and perspectives on bridging the current understanding gaps were suggested.展开更多
A negative correlation between δ 18O in mon-soon precipitation and f, the ratio of precipitable water in monsoon region to that in water source area, is hypothesized. Using the Rayleigh model, a new method for identi...A negative correlation between δ 18O in mon-soon precipitation and f, the ratio of precipitable water in monsoon region to that in water source area, is hypothesized. Using the Rayleigh model, a new method for identifying ori-gin of summer monsoon rainfall is developed based on the hypothesis. In order to validate the method, the isotopic data at New Delhi, a typical station in the southwest monsoon region, and Hong Kong, a typical station in the southeast monsoon region, were collected and analyzed for case studies. The case studies indicate that the water source areas of the monsoon rainfall at the two stations identified by the method are accordant with the general atmosphere circulation pat-terns. The method developed in this paper is significantly important for tracing the origin of summer monsoon pre-cipitation.展开更多
Studying the response to warming of hydrological systems in Chin＇s temperate glacier region is essential in order to provide information required for sustainable develop- ment. The results indicated the warming clima...Studying the response to warming of hydrological systems in Chin＇s temperate glacier region is essential in order to provide information required for sustainable develop- ment. The results indicated the warming climate has had an impact on the hydrological cycle. As the glacier area subject to melting has increased and the ablation seasor has become longer, the contribution of meltwater to annual river discharge has increased. The earlier onset of ablation at higher elevation glaciers has resulted in the period of minimum discharge occurring earlier in the year. Seasonal runoff variations are dominated by snow and glacier melt, and an increase of meltwater has resulted in changes of the annual water cycle in the Lijiang Basin and Hailuogou Basin. The increase amplitude of runoff in the downstream re- gion of the glacial area is much stronger than that of precipitation, resulting from the promi- nent increase of meltwater from glacier region in two basins. Continued observations in the glacierized basins should be undertaken in order to monitor changes, to reveal the relation- ships between climate, glaciers, hydrology and water supplies, and to assist in maintaining sustainable regional development.展开更多
基金National Key Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90511007 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40501014+2 种基金 The Project for Important Directionality Foundation, CAS, No.KZCXZ-YW-317 The Project for Outstanding Young Scientists of Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40121101 The Knowledge Innovation Program, CAS, No.CXTD-Z2005-2
文摘Snowpacks samples were colleted from two glaciers： Baishui No.1 glacier and Hailuogou No.1 glacier in June, 2006. The method of sea-salt ions tracer, correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research in order to confirm the source of main ions, it is indicated that Na^＋ is mainly from marine moisture and other ions mainly originate from land dust. The non-marine source percent of Cl^-, NO3^- , SO4^2-, K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Mg^2＋ is 52%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99.9% and 83%, respectively, in Hailuogou No.1 glacier, while the corresponding value in Baishui No.1 glacier is 68%, 99%, 100%, 98%, 99% and 59%. The non-marine source of ions is from dust of Central Asia arid regions carried by westerly circulation and the plateau borne-areas with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau winter monsoon in two glacial areas. However, the import of local dust in glacial area has made a great contribution to ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier, which accounts for the reason why the ions concentration in Baishui No.1 glacier is much higher than that of Hailuogou No.1 glacier. It is obvious that the source of each ion is different between Hailuogou No.1 glacier and Baishui No.1 glacier. There are three reasons which can explain it： firstly, the difference in the internal environment of glacial area, such as lithology, mountain-valley wind system, topographical relief and so on; secondly, the influence exerted by ions elution in snowpacks section, and ions elution in Hailuogou No.1 glacier is very strong; and thirdly, the difference caused due to varying ions transporting styles, deposition modes, chemical characteristics and post-ions-deposition process.
基金supported NKBRSF,PR China,No.2002CB111507The National Key of Science and Technology,No.2004BA508B22+2 种基金the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation(90302006,90511026)the Hundred Talents Program(2004401,KZCX3-SW-339)of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Project for 0utstanding Scientists(40121101)of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The data of 160 national meteorological observatory stations including the long-term monthly temperature data in China were analyzed to study the seasonal variation of the spatial temperature structures across China in the past half century. It is found that temperature structures differ between seasons: a latitude temperature pattern in winter and a landform temperature pattern in summer, which indicate that the effect of landform on temperature structure is much stronger in summer than that in winter and the effect of latitudinal temperature is much stronger in winter than that in summer. The mechanisms of the seasonal difference in temperature structures are also discussed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(90302006,40371026,90511007,40501014)G REEI of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2004102)+1 种基金the Hundred Talents Program(2004401,KZCX3-SW-339)of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Project for Outstanding Scientists(40121101)of the National Natural Science Foundation.
文摘As the unprecedented global warming is under way, the glacier retreat is getting more and more serious. In the inland arid area of Northwest China, due to very scarce precipitation, where there is water, there are oases. And the glacier melt water amounts to 22 % of the total direct supply of the inland river water and is of crucial importance to the survival and development of the oases. In this paper, using both the observed data and the previous research achievements of the glaciers in the inland valley of Northwest China where the oasis depending on the glacier is the only location suitable for human living, the authors describe the glacier retreat trend over the past half century, focusing on discussing the possible impact of the glacier retreat on the melt water runoff that is almost the only water resource efficient to nourish the oases. The authors find that even with increasing amount of water from the glacier with global warming, the water shortage is getting more and more serious and the environment is under a degrading way due to the accelerating economical development. The water shortage is bound to be more serious if the glacier retreat keeps on, especially after the glacier melt water is over its top for the degradedglacier scale. So suggestions are stressed in the end that a new water-saving pattern should be adopted in the area for a sustainable development due to the warming-up induced continuous glacier retreat.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40501014 No.90511007 Talent Culture Project for Special Subject of Glaciology and Geocryology, No.J0130084
文摘Based on the data of δ^18O in surface snow, snow pits, meltwater and the glacier-fed fiver water at Baishui Glacier No. 1, Mt. Yulong, the isotopic fractionation behaviors in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier system in winter and summer were compared. The results indicate that the isotopic fractionation degree in summer is greater than that in winter, suggesting that the snow/ice melting is more intense in summer. Moreover, whenever it is in winter or summer, from surface snow to meltwater, and to glacier-fed fiver water, the gradient of δ^18O with altitude gradually increases. This shows that the degree of isotopic fractionation gradually strengthens when surface snow is being converted into meltwater and finally into glacial fiver water, which suggests that the influence of post-depositional processes on δ^18O gradient in the monsoonal temperate glacier region differs spatially.
基金The work is supported by NKBRSF, PR China, No. 2oo2CBII1507 The National Key of Science and Technology, No. 2oo4BAso8B22 the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation （90302006, 90511026）；the Hundred Talents Program （2004401, KZCX3-SW-339） of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Project for 0utstanding Scientists （40121101） of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The data of 160 national meteorological observatory(NMO)stations with long-term monthly temperature data for China were analyzed in this study to show the basin-centered summer temperature decrease against global warming in the past half century. The summer and winter isotherm structures of 1950s and 1990s worked out by interpolation show the isotherm structure variations: the isotherm structure generally moves northward in winter, but in summer it is characterized with separate high-temperature and low-temperature centers and the isotherm structure moves inward the centers with global warming, indicating that the temperature in the highland areas increases but that in the lowland areas decreases in the summer of the duration. The possible mechanism of the basin-centered temperature decrease in summer is discussed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41771031 and 41673125)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The ^(17)O anomaly of oxygen(Δ^(17)O,calculated from δ^(17)O and δ^(18)O)trapped in ice-core bubbles and dissolved in ocean has been respectively used to evaluate the past biosphere productivity at a global scale and gross oxygen production(GOP)in the mixed layer(ML)of ocean.Compared to traditional methods in GOP estimation,triple oxygen isotope(TOI)method provides estimates that ignore incubation bottle effects and calculates GOP on larger spatial and temporal scales.Calculated from TOI of O_(2) trapped in ice-core bubbles,the averaged global biological productivities in past glacial periods were about 0.83-0.94 of the present,and the longest time record reached 400 ka BP(thousand years before the present).TOI-derived GOP estimation has also been widely applied in open oceans and coastal oceans,with emphasis on the ML.Although the TOI method has been widely used in aquatic ecosystems,TOI-based GOP is assumed to be constant at a steady state,and the influence of physical transports below the ML is neglected.The TOI method applied to evaluate past total biospheric productivity is limited by rare samples as well as uncertainties related to O_(2) consumption mechanisms and terrestrial biosphere’s hydrological processes.Future studies should take into account the physical transports below the ML and apply the TOI method in deep ocean.In addition,study on the complex land biosphere mechanisms by triple isotope composition of O_(2) trapped in ice-core bubbles needs to be strengthened.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40501014,90511007 and 90302006)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2005CB422003)the Project for 0utstanding Young Scientists of the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40121101).
文摘Based on the daily δ^(18)O data in June―September 2003 at Lijiang and the daily mean NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, synoptic-scale variation of δ^(18)O in summer monsoon rainfall was investigated. The 'precipitation amount effect' is obvious for the daily δ^(18)O variation, whereas the 'temperature effect' is insignificant. Alternate occurrences of active phase and break phase of the southwest monsoon probably influence the synoptic-scale δ^(18)O variation prominently. Moreover, the isotopic composition in precipitation during the late monsoon months is presumably influenced significantly by recycling of monsoon precipitation. Both the above factors disturb the 'amount effect' of isotopic variation in the monsoon region. This study also indicates that the synoptic-scale rainfall δ^(18)O variation at Lijiang in summer is domi-nated by the Indian monsoon depression (low pressure) system at large scale. These results are important for further studying the 'amount effect' and reconstructing paleoclimate in the monsoon region.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40825017 and 40576001)One Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW- 354)+1 种基金National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2006BAB18B01)and the Programme International de Cooperation Scientifique (PICS) Project "Climate and Environment in Antarctica and the Himalayas" (CLEAH, PICS no3499)
文摘A 109.91 m ice core was recovered from Dome A (or Dome Argus), the highest ice feature in Antarctica, during the 2004/05 austral summer by the 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-21). Both methane profile along the core and firn densification model calculation suggest that the close-off depth is at about 102.0 m with an ice age about 4200 a. Stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) of the chips samples produced during each run of ice core drilling at Dome A, together with those of the other cores recovered from the eastern inland Antarctica, suggest a relative stable climate with a temperature fluctuation amplitude about ±0.6℃ at the eastern inland Antarctica during the late Holocene. The average d-excess (or d =δ D-8δ 18O) of 17.1‰ along the Dome A core is probably the highest among the Antarctic inland ice cores, which may be resulted from the kinetic fractionation during the snow formation under an oversaturation condition. Moreover, the increasing trend of d-excess during the late Holocene reflects mainly the migration of the water source area for precipitation at Dome A towards low latitudes. This paper presents the first results of a shallow ice core recovered from the unexplored highest area of the Antarctic ice sheet, providing a background for the proposing deep ice core drilling at Dome A.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171052,40825017,41206175 and 41176165)the State Oceanic Administration (CHINARE2012-02-02)Ministry of Education (20110091110025 and 1082020904)
文摘Stable isotopic composition in Antarctic snow and ice is commonly regarded as one of invaluable palaeoclimate proxies and plays a critically important role in reconstructing past climate change.In this paper we summarized the spatial distribution and the controlling factors of δD,δ18O,d-excess and 17O-excess in Antarctic snow and ice,and discussed their reliability and applicability as palaeoclimate proxies.Recent progress in the stable isotopic records from Antarctic deep ice cores was reviewed,and perspectives on bridging the current understanding gaps were suggested.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.90511007,40501014 and 90302006)funding from CAREE,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2004102)+1 种基金the Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2004401)the project for Outstanding Young Scientists of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40121101).
文摘A negative correlation between δ 18O in mon-soon precipitation and f, the ratio of precipitable water in monsoon region to that in water source area, is hypothesized. Using the Rayleigh model, a new method for identifying ori-gin of summer monsoon rainfall is developed based on the hypothesis. In order to validate the method, the isotopic data at New Delhi, a typical station in the southwest monsoon region, and Hong Kong, a typical station in the southeast monsoon region, were collected and analyzed for case studies. The case studies indicate that the water source areas of the monsoon rainfall at the two stations identified by the method are accordant with the general atmosphere circulation pat-terns. The method developed in this paper is significantly important for tracing the origin of summer monsoon pre-cipitation.
基金CAS Western Light Program, No.O828Al1001 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No.2012M510219+6 种基金 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.91025002 No.30970492 No.KZZD-EW-04-05 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.llJ0930003 The CAS Special Grant for Postgraduate Research, Innovation and Practice The Foundation from the State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science The Founda- tion from Lijiang City Government
文摘Studying the response to warming of hydrological systems in Chin＇s temperate glacier region is essential in order to provide information required for sustainable develop- ment. The results indicated the warming climate has had an impact on the hydrological cycle. As the glacier area subject to melting has increased and the ablation seasor has become longer, the contribution of meltwater to annual river discharge has increased. The earlier onset of ablation at higher elevation glaciers has resulted in the period of minimum discharge occurring earlier in the year. Seasonal runoff variations are dominated by snow and glacier melt, and an increase of meltwater has resulted in changes of the annual water cycle in the Lijiang Basin and Hailuogou Basin. The increase amplitude of runoff in the downstream re- gion of the glacial area is much stronger than that of precipitation, resulting from the promi- nent increase of meltwater from glacier region in two basins. Continued observations in the glacierized basins should be undertaken in order to monitor changes, to reveal the relation- ships between climate, glaciers, hydrology and water supplies, and to assist in maintaining sustainable regional development.
