正当防卫的理性反思:基于效率的立场——由“昆山宝马司机砍人反被杀案”引发的思考

正当防卫不仅具有司法属性,还具有经济属性,在实际运行过程中,要重视它的资源配置效率,充分运用价格思维,调整相关主体的偏好选择。基于此,在防卫产生重大人身损害后果时,要避免适用比例原则带来的“价格管制”现象;在涉及侵害进程信息不对称的情况下,需要运用“汉德公式”以解决行为责任分配问题;最后,警惕出现割裂法律与道德的情形,重视提高激励措施与社会道德规范的协同效应。

沈阳和西安中学生运动伤害防护现状的对比

目的调查沈阳和西安市中学生学校运动伤害的发生及防护现状,分析中学生体育运动伤害的影响因素,对比两地中学生体育运动伤害情况的特点,为中学生运动伤害防护提出建设性建议,促进学校体育工作发展,提高学生体质健康水平。方法对沈阳和西安市随机抽选12所中学,对12所中学的2400名学生和24名管理人员进行问卷调查,用SPSS软件对数据结果进行统计学分析。结果(1)运动伤害方面:沈阳和西安市中学生的运动伤害事故发生率分别为43.01%和38.44%;男生损伤率高于女生;运动伤害部位以膝关节(30.02%vs 34.69%)和踝关节(22.67%vs 32.33%)损伤较多;事故发生后,2地均以自行处理为主(23.70%vs 42.28%);(2)运动防护方面:两地部分中学生(19.48%vs 7.88%)不会正确处理伤害事故,有18.18%和8.33%的老师没有意识到做准备活动的重要性;(3)体力活动方面:两地中过半的学生1周不足3次运动,多数学生单次运动时间不足30 min(36.50%Vs27.51%);相关分析结果显示,耐力素质和柔韧素质较好的学生,可显著减少运动伤害事故的发生(P<0.05)。结论(1)两地中学生的运动伤害事故发生率较高,男生高于女生;(2)两地中学生和老师欠缺运动防护知识,学校的宣教与管理及应对策略不足,体育教学针对性不强;(3)中学生的日常体力活动强度和时间均达不到推荐量;(4)耐力素质和柔韧素质较好的学生,运动伤害事故的发生率相对较低。

Influences of Structure Disorder and Temperature on Properties of Proton Conductivity in Hydrogen-Bond Molecular Systems

The dynamic properties of proton conductivity along hydrogen-bonded molecular systems, for example, ice crystal, with structure disorder or damping and finite temperatures exposed in an externally applied electric-field have been numerically studied by Runge-Kutta way in our soliton model. The results obtained show that the proton-soliton is very robust against the structure disorder including the fluctuation of the force constant and disorder in the sequence of masses and thermal perturbation and damping of medium, the velocity of its conductivity increases with increasing of the externally applied electric-field and decreasing of the damping coefficient of medium, but the proton-soliton disperses for quite great fluctuation of the ＂force constant and damping coefficient. In the numerical simulation we find that the proton-soliton in our model is thermally stable in a large region of temperature of T ≤ 273 K under influences of damping and externally applied electric-field in ice crvstal. This shows that our model is available and appropriate to ice.

Calculation of Vibrational Energy Spectra of H_(2)O Molecule by Nonlinear Quantum Theory

The vibrational energy spectra of OH stretch of H_(2)O in both vapour and liquid phases are calculated by using the quantized discrete self-trapping equation of nonlinear quantum theory.The results obtained are in good agreement with the experiment.Meanwhile,it is noted that the behaviour of the distribution of energy levels of high excited states obtained here is useful in optical spectrum research.

Properties of Proton Transfer in Hydrogen-Bonded Systems at Finite Temperature

The properties of proton transfer along hydrogen-bonded molecular systems are studied at finite temperature. The dynamic equations of the proton transport along the systems are obtained by using a completely quantummechanics method. From the dynamic equations and its soliton solutions we find out specific heat arising from the motionof solitons in the systems with finite temperature and the critical temperature of the soliton in the protein molecules,which is about 318 K. This shows that we can continuously study some biological phenomena in the living systems bythis model.

Features of Motion of Soliton Transported Bio-energy in Aperiodic α-Helix ProteinMolecules with Three Channels

The structure aperiodicities can influence seriously the features of motion of soliton excited in the α-helix protein molecules with three channels. We study the influence of structure aperiodicities on the features of the soliton in the improved model by numerical simulation and Runge-Kulta method. The results obtained show that the new soliton is very robust against the structure aperiodieities including large disorder in the sequence of mass of the amino acids and fluctuations of spring constant, coupling constant, dipole-dipole interactional constant, ground state energy and chain-chain interaction. However, very strong structure aperiodieities can also destroy the stability of the soliton in the α-helix protein molecules.

Bio-energy in s-Helix Protein Molecules with Three Properties of Soliton-Transported Channels

We study numerically the propagating properties of soliton-transported bio-energy excited in the a-helix protein molecules with three channels in the cases of the short-time and long-time motions and its features of collision at temperature T = 0 and biological temperature T = 300 K by the dynamic equations in the improved Davydov theory and fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, respectively. From these simulation experiments we see that the new solitons in the improved model can move without dispersion at a constant speed retaining its shape and energy in the cases of motion of both short-time or T = 0 and long time or T = 300 K and can go through each other without scattering in their collisions. In these cases its lifetime is, at least, 120 ps at 300 K, in which the soliton can travel over about 700 amino acid residues. This result is consistent with analytic result obtained by quantum perturbed theory in this model. In the meanwhile, the influences of structure disorder of a-helix protein molecules, including the inhomogeneous distribution of amino acids with different masses and fluctuations of spring constant, dipole-dipole interaction, exciton-phonon coupling constant and diagonal disorder, on the solitons are also studied by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the soliton still is very robust against the structure disorders and thermal perturbation of proteins at biological temperature 300 K. Therefore we can conclude that the new soliton in the a-helix protein molecules with three channels is a possible carrier of bio-energy transport and the improved model is possibly a candidate for the mechanism of this transport.

Stochastic Resonance in a Bistable System Subject to Dichotomous Noise

The stochastic resonance phenomenon in a bistable system subject to Markov dichotomous noise （DN） is investigated. Based on the adiabatic elimination and the two-state theories, the explicit expressions for the signal-tonoise ratio （SNR） and the spectral power amplification （SPA） have been obtained. It is shown that two peaks can occur on the curve of SNR versus the intensity of the DN. Moreover, the SNR is a non-monotonic function of the correlation time of the DN. The SPA varies non-monotonously with the strength of the DN. The dependence of the SNR on the frequency and the amplitude of the external periodic signal are discussed. The effect of the external frequency and the correlation time of the DN on the SPA are analyzed.

Variational Approach to One-Dimensional Electrons Non- Adiabatically Coupled to Phonons

The effects of the nonadiabatic phonon behaviours on the ground state of the system and the quantum modifications of the polaron characteristics and the modification form of the uncertainty relation between the phonon coordinate and momentum due to fluctuations of the electron density in the coupled electron-phonon systems have been studied by using a new variational ansatz for coherent phonons with correlated displacement and squeezing including internations with electrons.The correlated effect results in the following effect:(1)the energy of the ground state of the system is found to be lower than that for the phonons with uncorrelated displacement and squeezing;(2)the binding energy of the polaron was found to be increased;(3)the nonadiabatic coupling with electrons enhances the quantum uncertainty for the phonon coordinate and momentum when compared with the adiabatic and uncorrelated case.

路易斯结构式的书写及竞赛试题赏析

路易斯结构式从微观角度解释了共价分子或者离子稳定存在的原因,通过介绍对8电子体系、缺电子体系、富电子体系的路易斯结构的书写,意在帮助读者掌握书写路易斯结构式的一般方法,通过对竞赛试题的分析进一步加深对路易斯结构的认识并且会运用此方法解决实际问题。

Hybrid Method of combined difference and spectrum for time-domain maxwell’s equations

For the finite-difference time domain(FDTD)method,the electromagnetic scattering problem,which requires the characteristic structure size to be much smaller than the wavelength of the exciting source,is still a challenge.To circumvent this difficulty,this paper presents a novel hybrid numerical technique of combined difference and spectrum for time-domain Maxwell’s equations.With periodical continuation of each time-dependent quantity in Maxwell’s equations,the solutions before and after the continuation remain consistent in the first period,which results in the conversion of the continuous spectrum problem to a discrete one.The discrete spectrum of the field after continuation is obtained from difference methods for Maxwell’s curl equations in frequency-domain,and the time domain solution of the original problem is derived from their inverse Fourier transform.Due to its unconditional stability,the proposed scheme excels FDTD in resolving the aforementioned problems.In addition,this method can simulate dispersive media whose electric susceptibility cannot be expressed with Debye or Lorentz types of models.In dealing with boundary conditions,it can utilize the perfectly matched layer(PML)without extra codes.Numerical experiments demonstrate its effectiveness,easy implementation and high precision.