王阳明《书正宪扇》的道德教育意义

中华文化中存在着灿若群星的诫子名篇,王阳明的《书正宪扇》正是其中之一。《书正宪扇》以“傲”“谦”二字作为切入点,提出“‘傲’之反为‘谦’,‘谦’字便是对症之药”的观点。这一观点的形成深受道家与儒家谦虚思想的影响。王阳明认为“千罪万恶,皆从傲上来”,傲为病罪之源,谦为对症之药,谦为身正、家和、政兴之要领,谦者能孝父母、睦兄弟、兴国政。要做到谦,成为谦者,我们应当由心“恭敬、撙节、退让”,而不只是外表上的谦逊。王阳明所推崇的谦虚之德,是中国优秀传统道德理念的组成部分,即使今天看来仍具有道德教育的现实意义。另外,王阳明谦德思想在儒耶融合的过程之中可能也对西班牙天主教传教士庞迪我的谦德思想形成了影响。

紫云英与化学氮肥配施对双季稻田CH_4与N_2O排放的影响

【目的】冬季种植紫云英翻压还田对促进稻田养分循环和提高氮素利用效率具有重要意义,本文重点研究了紫云英还田与氮肥配施对稻田温室气体排放的影响。【方法】盆栽试验条件下,设置紫云英与氮肥配施6个处理:不施肥(CK);单施尿素(CF);单施紫云英(MV);1/4紫云英+3/4尿素(1/4 MV+3/4 CF);1/2紫云英+1/2尿素(1/2 MV+1/2 CF)和3/4紫云英+1/4尿素(3/4 MV+1/4 CF),除CK外,所有处理的施氮(N)量均为111.4 mg/kg干土。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法,监测双季稻季节内稻田CH4和N_2O排放特征及其全球增温潜势(GWP)与单位粮食产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)。【结果】1)不同处理稻季CH4排放规律基本一致,早稻和晚稻生长季各处理CH4排放均集中在分蘖期与抽穗期,其中早稻季CH4没有明显的排放峰,其最大值为5.69mg/(m^2·h);晚稻季有两个较为明显的排放峰,出现在水稻移栽初期以及晒田期,最大峰值分别为13.33mg/(m^2·h)和8.83 mg/(m^2·h);稻田CH_4累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而增加。2)不同施肥处理下N_2O排放通量有较为明显的季节变化规律。早稻季N_2O最大峰值出现在播后第3天,为1092.2μg/(m^2·h);晚稻季N_2O排放主要集中在分蘖期和后期干湿交替阶段,最大峰值为795.7μg/(m^2·h);N_2O累积排放量随紫云英施用比例的增加而减小,且MV的N_2O累积排放量为负值。3)CF处理双季稻产量最高,显著高于CK、1/4 MV+3/4CF和MV;1/2 MV+1/2 CF处理双季稻产量显著高于CK和1/4 MV+3/4 CF;各处理对稻田GWP及GHGI的影响均不显著。【结论】通过不同配比紫云英与氮肥配施盆栽试验发现,与CF相比,紫云英与氮肥不同配比对于稻田GWP及GHGI并无显著影响。

Effects of High-Quality Aromatic Rice Varieties on the Fitness of the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in Central China

The striped stem borer （SSB）, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9）. In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters （hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index） were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9） in Central China.