Exosomes are small vesicles that carry molecules from one cell to another.They have many features that make them interesting for research,such as their stability,low immunogenicity,size of the nanoscale,toxicity,and s...Exosomes are small vesicles that carry molecules from one cell to another.They have many features that make them interesting for research,such as their stability,low immunogenicity,size of the nanoscale,toxicity,and selective delivery.Exosomes can also interact with viruses in diverse ways.Emerging research highlights the significant role of exosomes in viral infections,particularly in the context of diseases like COVID-19,HIV,HBV and HCV.Understanding the intricate interplay between exosomes and the human immune system holds great promise for the development of effective antiviral therapies.An important aspect is gaining clarity on how exosomes influence the immune system and enhance viral infectivity through their inherent characteristics.By leveraging the innate properties of exosomes,viruses exploit the machinery involved in exosome biogenesis to set replication,facilitate the spread of infection,and eliminate immune responses.They can either help or hinder viral infection by modulating the immune system.This review summarizes the recent findings on how exosomes mediate viral infection and how they can be used for diagnosis or therapy.This could lead to new clinical applications of exosomes in disease management.展开更多
FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs....FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs.However,how FKF1 and the GA pathway work in concert in regulating flowering is not fully understood.Here,we showed that the mutation of FKF1 could cause accumulation of DELLA proteins,which are crucial repressors in GA signaling pathway,thereby reducing plant sensitivity to GA in flowering.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that FKF1 directly interacted with DELLA proteins.Furthermore,we showed that FKF1 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DELLA proteins.Analysis of genetic data revealed that FKF1 acted partially through DELLAs to regulate flowering under LDs.In addition,DELLAs exerted a negative feedback on FKF1 expression.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that FKF1 promotes flowering partially by negatively regulating DELLA protein stability under LDs,and suggesting a potential mechanism linking the FKF1 to the GA signaling DELLA proteins.展开更多
文摘Exosomes are small vesicles that carry molecules from one cell to another.They have many features that make them interesting for research,such as their stability,low immunogenicity,size of the nanoscale,toxicity,and selective delivery.Exosomes can also interact with viruses in diverse ways.Emerging research highlights the significant role of exosomes in viral infections,particularly in the context of diseases like COVID-19,HIV,HBV and HCV.Understanding the intricate interplay between exosomes and the human immune system holds great promise for the development of effective antiviral therapies.An important aspect is gaining clarity on how exosomes influence the immune system and enhance viral infectivity through their inherent characteristics.By leveraging the innate properties of exosomes,viruses exploit the machinery involved in exosome biogenesis to set replication,facilitate the spread of infection,and eliminate immune responses.They can either help or hinder viral infection by modulating the immune system.This review summarizes the recent findings on how exosomes mediate viral infection and how they can be used for diagnosis or therapy.This could lead to new clinical applications of exosomes in disease management.
基金We thank Dr.Hongtao Liu for her kind advice on thiswork,Dr.Chentao Lin for providing fkf1-1 seeds,Dr.Taiping Sun for providing ga1-3(Col background),Dr.Xingwang Deng for 35S:TAP-RGA transgenic seedsand della mutant seeds,Dr.Xiangdong Fu for gaiseeds,Dr.Suiwen Hou for rga-28 seeds,Dr.DaoxinXie for ga1-3(Ler background),Q1,Q2,and pentamutant seeds.This work was supported by the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31171176)Natural Science Foundation of HunanProvince(No.2018JJ3036)+1 种基金the Basic Research Pro-gram of Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technologylnnovation Committee(No.JCYJ20170818112212721)and the Basic Research Program of ChangshaMunicipal Science and Technology(No.kq1901o28).
文摘FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1(FKF1)encodes an F-box protein that regulates photoperiod flowering in Arabidopsis under long-day conditions(LDs).Gibberellin(GA)is also important for regulating flowering under LDs.However,how FKF1 and the GA pathway work in concert in regulating flowering is not fully understood.Here,we showed that the mutation of FKF1 could cause accumulation of DELLA proteins,which are crucial repressors in GA signaling pathway,thereby reducing plant sensitivity to GA in flowering.Both in vitro and in vivo biochemical analyses demonstrated that FKF1 directly interacted with DELLA proteins.Furthermore,we showed that FKF1 promoted ubiquitination and degradation of DELLA proteins.Analysis of genetic data revealed that FKF1 acted partially through DELLAs to regulate flowering under LDs.In addition,DELLAs exerted a negative feedback on FKF1 expression.Collectively,these findings demonstrate that FKF1 promotes flowering partially by negatively regulating DELLA protein stability under LDs,and suggesting a potential mechanism linking the FKF1 to the GA signaling DELLA proteins.
