Dear Sir,Sweat gland neoplasms of the ocular region are rare^（[1]）.Traditionally,these lesions are classified as either of eccrine or apocrine origin.The cardinal feature of apocrine tumors includes having apical de...Dear Sir,Sweat gland neoplasms of the ocular region are rare^（[1]）.Traditionally,these lesions are classified as either of eccrine or apocrine origin.The cardinal feature of apocrine tumors includes having apical decapitation secretions from the cells rather than forming simple secretory units with tubules,such as the case with their eccrine counterpart^（[2-4]）.Apocrine lesions can be both benign and malignant.There are展开更多
Background:The aim of this project is to develop a new standardized and cost-efficient method to compare optical coherence tomography(OCT)scans to their corresponding paraffin embedded histopathology sections in post-...Background:The aim of this project is to develop a new standardized and cost-efficient method to compare optical coherence tomography(OCT)scans to their corresponding paraffin embedded histopathology sections in post-mortem eyes.This correlation will clarify the interpretation of OCT images,and it will also enable direct immunohistochemical characterization of features observed on OCT.Methods:Study design:donor eyes were obtained from two separate eye banks.In order to minimize post-mortem change like retinal detachment and vitreous opacification,the eyes were fixed in a previously tested fixative solution.Time between death and fixation has been kept under 6 hours.Methods:Using a customized imaging device,nine post-mortem eyes were imaged with a SD-OCT machine.Subsequently,an 8mm trephine was used to isolate a portion of the posterior pole including the macular area and the optic nerve head for histopathological analysis.Paraffin embedded cross sections of the retina were obtained and visually compared to each OCT image(b-scans).Results:To facilitate the correlation of OCT images to their histopathological sections,three principle aspects were controlled during tissue processing:rotation,tilt and location.Using markings as well as anatomical landmarks,serial histopathological sections in an orientation comparable to OCT b-scans were obtained,thereby facilitating image pairing.Conclusions:Compared to other well-established methods using resin and electron microscopy,our standardized Methods allowed us to successfully compare OCT b-scans to serial retinal cross sections of a wider macular area at a lower cost.Our novel approach allows us to translate features observed on OCT images into well-established histopathological images,providing the clinician with additional tools to obtain difficult diagnoses with more confidence.展开更多
Background:Invasive squamous carcinoma(SCC)is the most frequent malignant neoplasia of the conjunctiva,33%of which will metastasize.C-erbB-2/neu(HER2)is an oncogene associated with poor prognosis,metastatic potential ...Background:Invasive squamous carcinoma(SCC)is the most frequent malignant neoplasia of the conjunctiva,33%of which will metastasize.C-erbB-2/neu(HER2)is an oncogene associated with poor prognosis,metastatic potential and aggressive behavior in several tumors,including breast,stomach,among others.HER2 amplification is also associated with the response to anti-HER2 treatment.The aim of this study is to evaluate HER2 expression in the progression of ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)and as a potential therapeutical target.Methods:Ninety-eight OSSN lesions including 17 papillomas(P),27 conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN)I,19 CIN II,13 CIN III,and 11 SCC were evaluated.Eleven conjunctivas from normal human eyes(NHE)were also included in the analysis.Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze HER2(clone 29D8)expression,which was graded as follows:complete membrane staining in more than 10%of malignant cells(3+);week to moderate complete staining in more than 10%of malignant cells(2+);none or fewer than 10%cells staining(0 to 1+,respectively).Positive HER2 was considered when a score 2+or 3+was determined.Breast carcinoma with HER2 amplification was used as a positive control.FISH technique was performed in the positive cases to confirm results.Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test.Results:HER2 positive expression was detected in 6%of P(100%score 2+),11%of CIN I(100%score 2+),32%of CIN II(100%score 2+),30%of CIN III(100%score 2+),29%of SCC(50%score 2+and 50%score 3+).Benign lesions showed lower HER2 expression than in situ(P=0.03)and invasive tumors(P=0.02).No correlation between HER2 and age or tumor thickness in SCC was found(P>0.05).Conclusions:HER2 is expressed in conjunctival SCC.Moreover,one third of SCC were graded as 2+or 3+.These results support the evaluation of anti-HER2 therapy in conjunctival SCC.Pre-clinical trials should be performed to determine the importance of this marker in conjunctival SCC for predicting response to treatments targeting this pathway.展开更多
Background:Uveal melanoma(UM)is a malignant neoplasia that is composed of two main types of cells:spindle and epithelioid.There is a subset of neoplastic small epithelioid cells located predominantly in the infiltrati...Background:Uveal melanoma(UM)is a malignant neoplasia that is composed of two main types of cells:spindle and epithelioid.There is a subset of neoplastic small epithelioid cells located predominantly in the infiltrative tumor margins or surrounding blood vessels.The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the correlation between the presence of these small epithelioid cells and clinical outcome.Methods:The clinical-pathological features of 70 UM patients were evaluated.The presence of small epithelioid cells was quantified based on percentage of tumor volume,and they were characterized using melanocytic markers(HMB-45,Melan A and SOX-10),stem cell markers(CD133,CD24 and CD38),and T cell lymphocytes(CD3).Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Clinical follow up was available for all patients.Results:The ratio of small epithelioid cell components of all 70 tumors ranged from 0%to 30%(median,1%).Thirty-nine tumors(55.7%)had areas with small epithelioid cells.Univariate analysis showed that mixed versus spindle cell,higher lymphocytic infiltration,macrophage infiltration,ciliary body involvement,and>5%of small epithelioid cell component had a significant negative impact on metastasis-free survival.Small epithelioid cell component>5%was present in 24 cases(34.3%).Of these,three were classified as spindle and 21 were mixed.Multivariate analysis revealed that a>5%small cell component was the most significant morphological adverse prognostic factor.Moreover,the small epithelioid cells were negative for HMB45,stem cell markers and CD3,and focally and weakly positive for MELAN A and SOX10.Conclusions:A high small epithelioid cell component is a strong negative prognostic indicator in patients with UM.展开更多
文摘Dear Sir,Sweat gland neoplasms of the ocular region are rare^（[1]）.Traditionally,these lesions are classified as either of eccrine or apocrine origin.The cardinal feature of apocrine tumors includes having apical decapitation secretions from the cells rather than forming simple secretory units with tubules,such as the case with their eccrine counterpart^（[2-4]）.Apocrine lesions can be both benign and malignant.There are
文摘Background:The aim of this project is to develop a new standardized and cost-efficient method to compare optical coherence tomography(OCT)scans to their corresponding paraffin embedded histopathology sections in post-mortem eyes.This correlation will clarify the interpretation of OCT images,and it will also enable direct immunohistochemical characterization of features observed on OCT.Methods:Study design:donor eyes were obtained from two separate eye banks.In order to minimize post-mortem change like retinal detachment and vitreous opacification,the eyes were fixed in a previously tested fixative solution.Time between death and fixation has been kept under 6 hours.Methods:Using a customized imaging device,nine post-mortem eyes were imaged with a SD-OCT machine.Subsequently,an 8mm trephine was used to isolate a portion of the posterior pole including the macular area and the optic nerve head for histopathological analysis.Paraffin embedded cross sections of the retina were obtained and visually compared to each OCT image(b-scans).Results:To facilitate the correlation of OCT images to their histopathological sections,three principle aspects were controlled during tissue processing:rotation,tilt and location.Using markings as well as anatomical landmarks,serial histopathological sections in an orientation comparable to OCT b-scans were obtained,thereby facilitating image pairing.Conclusions:Compared to other well-established methods using resin and electron microscopy,our standardized Methods allowed us to successfully compare OCT b-scans to serial retinal cross sections of a wider macular area at a lower cost.Our novel approach allows us to translate features observed on OCT images into well-established histopathological images,providing the clinician with additional tools to obtain difficult diagnoses with more confidence.
文摘Background:Invasive squamous carcinoma(SCC)is the most frequent malignant neoplasia of the conjunctiva,33%of which will metastasize.C-erbB-2/neu(HER2)is an oncogene associated with poor prognosis,metastatic potential and aggressive behavior in several tumors,including breast,stomach,among others.HER2 amplification is also associated with the response to anti-HER2 treatment.The aim of this study is to evaluate HER2 expression in the progression of ocular surface squamous neoplasia(OSSN)and as a potential therapeutical target.Methods:Ninety-eight OSSN lesions including 17 papillomas(P),27 conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN)I,19 CIN II,13 CIN III,and 11 SCC were evaluated.Eleven conjunctivas from normal human eyes(NHE)were also included in the analysis.Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze HER2(clone 29D8)expression,which was graded as follows:complete membrane staining in more than 10%of malignant cells(3+);week to moderate complete staining in more than 10%of malignant cells(2+);none or fewer than 10%cells staining(0 to 1+,respectively).Positive HER2 was considered when a score 2+or 3+was determined.Breast carcinoma with HER2 amplification was used as a positive control.FISH technique was performed in the positive cases to confirm results.Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test.Results:HER2 positive expression was detected in 6%of P(100%score 2+),11%of CIN I(100%score 2+),32%of CIN II(100%score 2+),30%of CIN III(100%score 2+),29%of SCC(50%score 2+and 50%score 3+).Benign lesions showed lower HER2 expression than in situ(P=0.03)and invasive tumors(P=0.02).No correlation between HER2 and age or tumor thickness in SCC was found(P>0.05).Conclusions:HER2 is expressed in conjunctival SCC.Moreover,one third of SCC were graded as 2+or 3+.These results support the evaluation of anti-HER2 therapy in conjunctival SCC.Pre-clinical trials should be performed to determine the importance of this marker in conjunctival SCC for predicting response to treatments targeting this pathway.
文摘Background:Uveal melanoma(UM)is a malignant neoplasia that is composed of two main types of cells:spindle and epithelioid.There is a subset of neoplastic small epithelioid cells located predominantly in the infiltrative tumor margins or surrounding blood vessels.The aim of this study is to characterize and evaluate the correlation between the presence of these small epithelioid cells and clinical outcome.Methods:The clinical-pathological features of 70 UM patients were evaluated.The presence of small epithelioid cells was quantified based on percentage of tumor volume,and they were characterized using melanocytic markers(HMB-45,Melan A and SOX-10),stem cell markers(CD133,CD24 and CD38),and T cell lymphocytes(CD3).Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Clinical follow up was available for all patients.Results:The ratio of small epithelioid cell components of all 70 tumors ranged from 0%to 30%(median,1%).Thirty-nine tumors(55.7%)had areas with small epithelioid cells.Univariate analysis showed that mixed versus spindle cell,higher lymphocytic infiltration,macrophage infiltration,ciliary body involvement,and>5%of small epithelioid cell component had a significant negative impact on metastasis-free survival.Small epithelioid cell component>5%was present in 24 cases(34.3%).Of these,three were classified as spindle and 21 were mixed.Multivariate analysis revealed that a>5%small cell component was the most significant morphological adverse prognostic factor.Moreover,the small epithelioid cells were negative for HMB45,stem cell markers and CD3,and focally and weakly positive for MELAN A and SOX10.Conclusions:A high small epithelioid cell component is a strong negative prognostic indicator in patients with UM.
