Pancreatitis in pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes

BACKGROUND：Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy is a rare and dangerous disease.This study aimed to examine the etiology,treatment,and outcomes of pancreatitis in pregnancy.METHOD：A total of 25 pregnant patients diagnosed with pancreatitis during the period of 1994 and 2014 was analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS：The pregnant patients were diagnosed with pancreatitis during a period of 21 years.Most（60%）of the patients were diagnosed with pancreatitis in the third trimester.The mean age of the patients at presentation was 25.7 years,with a mean gestational age of 24.4 weeks.Abdominal pain occurred in most patients and vomiting in one patient was associated hyperemesis gravidarum.The common cause of the disease was gallstone-related（56%）,followed by alcohol-related（16%）,post-ERCP（4%）,hereditary（4%）and undetermined conditions（20%）.The level of triglycerides was minimally high in three patients.ERCP and wire-guided sphincterotomy were performed in 6（43%）of 14 patients with gallstone-related pancreatitis and elevated liver enzymes with no complications.Most（84%）of the patients underwent a full-term,vaginal delivery.There was no difference in either maternal or fetal outcomes after ERCP.CONCLUSIONS：Acute pancreatitis is rare in pregnancy,occurring most commonly in the third trimester,and gallstones are the most common cause.When laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not feasible and a common bile duct stone is highly suspected on imaging,endoscopic sphincterotomy or stenting may help to prevent recurrence and postpone cholecystectomy until after delivery.

Amiodarone Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias: Is It Associated with the Development of Cancers?

Amiodarone is used worldwide to treat cardiac arrhythmias, as well as highly symptomatic cases of atrial fibrillation. With this expanded use, especially following its 1985 United States Food and Drug Administration approval, and its use as a long-term therapy in common practice, reports of cancers temporarily related to amiodarone have begun to increase. Animal studies, several clinical trials, numerous case reports, and a population-based cohort study have suggested that cancers may be associated with amiodarone use. This review focuses on the ever increasing evidence in the literature that suggests amiodarone therapy, especially with long-term use, may increase the potential risk of cancer development. It also expresses the need for more definitive studies to be conducted to provide clinicians with a clear answer to this important question.