Over the past few decades,an increasing number of marine activities have been conducted in the East China Sea,including the construction of various marine structures and the passage of large ships.Marine safety issues...Over the past few decades,an increasing number of marine activities have been conducted in the East China Sea,including the construction of various marine structures and the passage of large ships.Marine safety issues are paramount and are becoming more important with respect to the likely increase in size of ocean waves in relation to global climate change and associated typhoons.In addition,swells also can be very dangerous because they induce the resonance of floating structures,including ships.This study focuses on an investigation of swells in the East China Sea and uses hindcast data for waves over the past 5 years in a numerical model,WAVEWATCH III(WW3),together with historical climate data.The numerical calculation domain covers the entire North West Pacific.Next,swells are separated and analyzed using simulated wave fields,and both the characteristics and generation mechanisms of swells are investigated.展开更多
The characteristics of swells within the East China Sea have been reported by Tao et al.(2017),while the question of where the swells come from remains unanswered.By using the wave model WAVEWATCH III and the swell tr...The characteristics of swells within the East China Sea have been reported by Tao et al.(2017),while the question of where the swells come from remains unanswered.By using the wave model WAVEWATCH III and the swell tracking method proposed by Hanson(2001),the spatial sources of the swells are investigated during four typical typhoon scenarios,which usually affect the wave environment in the East China Sea,including the Recurving type,the Northward type,the Westward type(striking the East China Sea)and the Westward type(over the South China Sea).The numerical results show that parts of the swells are from the North West Pacific with a long-distance travelling.The moving paths of the swells are affected by the typhoon tracks,which result in various fetches.The Westward type(over the South China Sea)makes one peak in the evolution process.The landing process of the Westward type(striking the East China Sea)could result in swells with low energy.The swell energy depends on swell propagation distance,existence time and wind intensity of generation fetch.The consistent fetch and forceful wind intensity make swell carry more energy.展开更多
Natural alleles controlling multiple disease resistances (MDR) are valuable for crop breeding. However, only one MDR gene have been cloned in maize, and molecular mechanisms of MDR are not clear. By map-based cloning,...Natural alleles controlling multiple disease resistances (MDR) are valuable for crop breeding. However, only one MDR gene have been cloned in maize, and molecular mechanisms of MDR are not clear. By map-based cloning, we have cloned a teosinte-derived allele of a resistance gene, Mexicana lesion mimic 1 (ZmMM1), which has a lesion mimic phenotype and confers resistance to northern leaf blight (NLB), gray leaf spot (GLS) and southern corn rust (SCR). Strong MDR conferred by the teosinte allele is linked with the polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region of the ZmMM1 gene that cause increased accumulation of ZmMM1 protein. ZmMM1 acts as a transcription repressor and negatively regulates transcription of specific target genes including ZmMM1-target gene 3 (ZmMT3), which functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity and associated cell death. The successful isolation of the ZmMM1 resistance gene will help not only in developing broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance but also in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MDR.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Fundation of China(Nos.51579091,51379071,and 51137002)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.51425901)+3 种基金the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Basic Research Fund from State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,Hohai University(Nos.20145027512 and 20145028412)the Short-term Research Visits project supported by Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University(No.27S-02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Hohai University(No.2016B05214)
文摘Over the past few decades,an increasing number of marine activities have been conducted in the East China Sea,including the construction of various marine structures and the passage of large ships.Marine safety issues are paramount and are becoming more important with respect to the likely increase in size of ocean waves in relation to global climate change and associated typhoons.In addition,swells also can be very dangerous because they induce the resonance of floating structures,including ships.This study focuses on an investigation of swells in the East China Sea and uses hindcast data for waves over the past 5 years in a numerical model,WAVEWATCH III(WW3),together with historical climate data.The numerical calculation domain covers the entire North West Pacific.Next,swells are separated and analyzed using simulated wave fields,and both the characteristics and generation mechanisms of swells are investigated.
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China(Grant Nos.51579091 and U1706230)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.51425901)+1 种基金the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Provincethe Short-term Research Visits Project supported by Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University(Grant No.27S-02)
文摘The characteristics of swells within the East China Sea have been reported by Tao et al.(2017),while the question of where the swells come from remains unanswered.By using the wave model WAVEWATCH III and the swell tracking method proposed by Hanson(2001),the spatial sources of the swells are investigated during four typical typhoon scenarios,which usually affect the wave environment in the East China Sea,including the Recurving type,the Northward type,the Westward type(striking the East China Sea)and the Westward type(over the South China Sea).The numerical results show that parts of the swells are from the North West Pacific with a long-distance travelling.The moving paths of the swells are affected by the typhoon tracks,which result in various fetches.The Westward type(over the South China Sea)makes one peak in the evolution process.The landing process of the Westward type(striking the East China Sea)could result in swells with low energy.The swell energy depends on swell propagation distance,existence time and wind intensity of generation fetch.The consistent fetch and forceful wind intensity make swell carry more energy.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571676,32072007,and 31761143008)+4 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2015BAD02B01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2014PY054 and 2662015PY185)the University Student Research Fund(2016090)the Innovation Training Plan of University Student Fund(201510504023)the Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project(B20051).
文摘Natural alleles controlling multiple disease resistances (MDR) are valuable for crop breeding. However, only one MDR gene have been cloned in maize, and molecular mechanisms of MDR are not clear. By map-based cloning, we have cloned a teosinte-derived allele of a resistance gene, Mexicana lesion mimic 1 (ZmMM1), which has a lesion mimic phenotype and confers resistance to northern leaf blight (NLB), gray leaf spot (GLS) and southern corn rust (SCR). Strong MDR conferred by the teosinte allele is linked with the polymorphisms in the 3' untranslated region of the ZmMM1 gene that cause increased accumulation of ZmMM1 protein. ZmMM1 acts as a transcription repressor and negatively regulates transcription of specific target genes including ZmMM1-target gene 3 (ZmMT3), which functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity and associated cell death. The successful isolation of the ZmMM1 resistance gene will help not only in developing broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance but also in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying MDR.
