Correlation between the Human Development Index and the Incidence and Mortality of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Objective This study was to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and the incidence and mortality of non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL).Methods We compared the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),and the ASMR to ASIR ratio(MIR)at national and regional levels and studied the correlation between the MIR and the human development index(HDI)in 2012 and 2018.Results The highest ASIR was in North America in 2012 and in Australia in 2018,and the lowest ASIR was in Central and South Asia in both 2012 and 2018.The highest ASMR was in North Africa in both 2012 and 2018,and the lowest ASMR was in Eastern Asia and South-Central Asia in 2012 and in South-Central Asia in 2018.The lowest MIR was in Australia in both 2012 and 2018,and the highest MIR was in Western Africa in both 2012 and 2018.HDI was strongly negatively correlated with MIR(r:−0.8810,P<0.0001,2012;r:−0.8895,P<0.0001,2018).Compared to the 2012 data,the MIR in the intermediate HDI countries significantly deceased and the HDI in low and high HDI countries significantly increased in 2018.Conclusion The MIR is negatively correlated with HDI.Increasing the HDI in low and intermediate HDI countries may reduce the MIR and increase the survival of patients with NHL.

基于MPE-CEEMD算法的轴流压缩机旋转失速状态识别

以某型风洞压缩机出口机壳处的声压信号为研究对象,建立以多尺度排列熵均值(MMPE)为筛选CEEMD分解后的集成平均分量的体系,提出了一种MPE-CEEMD算法。将尺度[1,5]范围内声压仿真信号的多尺度排列熵的最大值作为筛选集成平均分量的阈值,剔除异常分量后对重构后的信号做傅里叶变换。若在频谱图上存在小于轴频,且随着流量的减小,而幅值增大的特征频率,那么该特征频率可以判定为旋转失速特征频率。通过分析风洞压缩机在1.3Ma,叶片角度20°,压比1.107 1工况下的数据,发现该算法可以有效的剔除声压信号中的异常成分。

Fast pulse sampling module for real-time neutron–gamma discrimination

An adaptable and compact fast pulse sampling module was developed for the neutron–gamma discrimination. The developed module is well suited for low-cost and low-power consumption applications. It is based on the Domino Ring Sampler 4(DRS4) chip, which offers fast sampling speeds up to 5.12 giga samples per second(GSPS) to digitize pulses from front-end detectors. The high-resolution GSPS data is useful for obtaining precise real-time neutron–gamma discrimination results directly in this module. In this study, we have implemented real-time data analysis in a field programmable gate array. Real-time data analysis involves two aspects: digital waveform integral and digital pulse shape discrimination(PSD). It can significantly reduce the system dead time and data rate processed offline. Plastic scintillators(EJ-299-33), which have proven capable of PSD, were adopted as neutron detectors in the experiments. A photomultiplier tube(PMT)(model #XP2020) was coupled to one end of a detector to collect the output light from it. The pulse output from the anode of the PMT was directly passed onto the fast sampling module. The fast pulse sampling module was operated at 1 GSPS and 2 GSPS in these experiments, and the AmBe-241 source was used to examine the neutron–gamma discrimination quality. The PSD results with different sampling rates and energy thresholds were evaluated. The figure of merit(FOM) was used to describe the neutron–gamma discrimination quality. The best FOM value of 0.91 was obtained at 2 GSPS and 1 GSPS sampling rates with an energy threshold of 1.5 MeV_(ee)(electron equivalent).

A QTC-based signal readout for position-sensitive multi-output detectors

A new signal readout method for position-sensitive multi-output detectors,such as those in high-energy spectroscopy measurement and nuclear imaging,was developed by combining the charge division circuit,summing circuit and charge-to-time conversion(QTC) circuit.The 64 outputs of a Hamamatsu H8500 position-sensitive photomultiplier tube were processed,and three digital pulses were generated.The widths of digital pulses were determined using the time-to-digital converter in an field programmable gate array.The energy and position information of incident y-rays is estimated based on the proportionality between the width of digital pulses and input charge created by y-photons.A prototype was built using discrete components and tested,and the energy and position resolutions were improved compared with that obtained with standard ADCs.This method greatly simplifies the front-end electronics and the digital interface.It enables a compact electronics system and an easy integration into an ASIC.

Development of a fast neutron spectrometer based on a plastic fiber array

Objective A three-dimensional position-sensitive fast neutron spectrometer is designed to measure fast neutron spectrum over 10 MeV.Methods The detector consists of a 16×16 mutually perpendicular plastic scintillation fiber array coupled to 2×2 Hamamatsu H8500C position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes by optical fibers.The fiber array is fabricated with 0.5 mm×3 mm fibers and 3-mm square fibers.Results Due to the combined application of different sizes of fibers,the detector can broaden energy dynamic range and meanwhile have good detection efficiency.The method of the combined application of different sizes of plastic fibers in the array may provide a solution to measure wider energy range of solar neutrons.Conclusion In this paper,we used FLUKA to simulate the performance of the detector model and report the results of experimental studies with neutrons from a pulsed D-T neutron.