Routing protocol for wireless quantum multi-hop mesh backbone network based on partially entangled GHZ state

Quantum multi-hop teleportation is important in the field of quantum communication. In this study, we propose a quantum multi-hop communication model and a quantum routing protocol with multi- hop teleportation for wireless mesh backbone networks. Based on an analysis of quantum multi-hop protocols, a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） state is selected as the quantum channel for the proposed protocol. Both quantum and classical wireless channels exist between two neighboring nodes along the route. With the proposed routing protocol, quantum information can be transmitted hop by hop from the source node to the destination node. Based on multi-hop telepor- tation based on the partially entangled GHZ state, a quantum route established with the minimum number of hops. The difference between our routing protocol and the classical one is that in the for- mer, the processes used to find a quantum route and establish quantum channel entanglement occur simultaneously. The Bell state measurement results of each hop are piggybacked to quantum route finding information. This method reduces the total number of packets and the magnitude of air inter- face delay. The deduction of the establishment of a quantum channel between source and destination is also presented here. The final success probability of quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks was simulated and analyzed. Our research shows that quantum multi-hop teleportation in wireless mesh backbone networks through a partially entangled GHZ state is feasible.

Multiple teleportation via partially entangled GHZ state

Quantum teleportation is important for quantum comrmmication. We propose a protocol that uses a partially entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger （GHZ） state for single hop teleportation. Quantum teleportation will succeed if the sender makes a Bell state measurement, and the receiver performs the Hadamard gate operation, applies appropriate Pauli operators, introduces an auxiliary particle, and applies the corresponding unitary matrix to recover the transmitted state. We also present a protocol to realize multiple teleportation of partially entangled GHZ state without an auxiliary particle. We show that the success probability of the teleportation is Mways [） when the number of teleportat, ions is odd. In order to improve the success probability of a multihop, we introduce the method used in our single hop teleportation, thus proposing a multiple teleportation protocol using anxiliary particles and a unitary matrix. The final success probability is shown to bc improved significantly for the method without auxiliary particles fbr both an odd or even number of teleportations.

MHD flow study of viscous fluid through a complex wavy curved surface due to biomimetic propulsion under porosity and second-order slip effects

The steady laminar flow of viscous fluid from a curved porous domain under a radial magnetic field is considered.The fluid flow by a curved domain is due to peristaltic waves present at the boundary walls.The whole analysis is based on porosity(Darcy number)effects.Moreover,the effects of second-order slip on the rheology analysis are also discussed.Due to the complex nature of the flow regime,we have governed the rheological equations by using curvilinear coordinates in the fixed frame.The physical influence of magnetic(Hartmann number)and porosity(Darcy number)parameters on the rheological features of peristaltic transportation are argued in detailed(in the wave frame).Additionally,in the current study,the complex wavy pattern on both boundary walls of the channel is used.The whole rheological study is based on ancient,but medically valid,assumptions of creeping phenomena and long wavelength assumptions.Analytical solutions of the governing equations are obtained by using the simple integration technique in Mathematica software 11.0.The core motivation of the present analysis is to perceive the physical influence of embedded parameters,such as the dimensionless radius of the curvature parameter,magnetic parameter,porosity parameter,different amplitude ratios of complex peristaltic waves,first-and second-order slip parameters,on the axial velocity,pressure gradient,local wall shear stress,tangential component of the extra-stress tensor,pumping and trapping phenomena.