政策如何塑造大众?基于最近三十年国际政策反馈研究的元分析

自20世纪90年代以来,关注政策如何塑造政治的政策反馈研究逐步成为政策过程研究的重要子领域。尽管公共政策对大众政治态度和行为的影响受到广泛关注,但是现有研究发现大众反馈效应的程度及其方向存在显著差异。论文提出一项新的分析框架,指出大众反馈效应会随着政策类型、分析角度、福利状态、关注议题和国家等因素的变化而变化。对近30年来国际上110项实证研究中549个效应量进行元分析发现:在政策类型方面,分配型和建构型政策的平均效应量大于再分配型政策和管制型政策的平均效应量。在分析角度方面,相比“政策投入”,基于“政策参与”和“政策变迁”发现的反馈效应更突出。在福利状态方面,论文引入“负向偏误”理论揭示出福利削减会产生比福利增加更显著的非对称效应。在关注议题方面,分析结果未表明政策对个体政策态度、政治态度与政治参与的影响存在显著差异。而且,分析结果也未支持国家情境的影响。另外,论文重点总结了亟待推进的两个研究方向:以福利削减为主题和基于中国情境的研究。论文有助于增进学界对大众反馈效应及其影响因素的系统认知,深化对政策的政治效应的理解。

政策设计、政策认同和生育偏好——基于“独生子女”政策的反馈效应分析

政策是塑造民众认知、态度和偏好的重要因素。现有政策反馈研究尚缺乏对政策设计特征如何影响公众反馈效应的讨论。论文基于1980—2013年31个省(自治区、直辖市,不含台湾省。下同)的216份计划生育政策文件中的生育调节要求构建了政策设计严格度指标,利用CGSS2010、2012和2013三轮调查数据实证检验了政策设计特征对民众政策认同和生育偏好的影响。研究发现:(1)“独生子女”政策设计越严格,民众对政府干预个体生育的支持度越高,民众期望的子女数量和男孩数量越低;但并未发现政策设计严格度对民众的男孩偏好有显著影响。(2)政策设计通过影响民众的政策认同进而影响其生育偏好。(3)政策设计对民众的政策认同和生育偏好的影响会随着个体身份差异(例如城乡差异和民族差异)而产生变化。这表明严格的“独生子女”政策通过塑造民众的政策认同和生育偏好,削弱了传统的“多子多福”等观念。综上,论文补充了对政策长期反馈效应和政策设计结构性特征影响的探讨,深化了对政策塑造民众观念过程(服从——认同——内化)的讨论,也丰富了对计划生育政策影响的理解。在人口形势发生变化的当下,这启发决策者尽快建立并完善鼓励生育的政策体系以扭转民众观念。

Target Tracking with QoS Support in Large Wireless Sensor Networks

Quality of Service (QoS) is important in the application of target tracking in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). When a target appears, it will trigger an event from one or more sensors. A target can only be accurately detected if a certain number of event packets are received by the sink in a predetermined detection time interval. In this paper, we propose a buffer management scheme based on event ordering to achieve QoS. We also propose a directional QoS-aware routing protocol (DQRP) for the dissemination of the event ordering list. After the dissemination, a priority queue buffer management scheme is used to ensure QoS. Our buffer management scheme works in conjunction with DQRP to ensure accurate as well as energy-efficient target detection in the presence of multiple targets. The novelty of our network architecture is that a distributed admission control scheme is implemented on each node based on a geographic routing algorithm. In our scenario, a target can only be accurately detected if a certain number of event packets are received by the sink in a predetermined detection time interval. Our main performance metric is the number of targets/events being detected. Our protocol maximizes the number of targets being detected.

Charge disturbance/excitation in the Raman virtual state revealed by ROA signal: A case study of pinane

The Raman mode intensities are used to extract the bond polarizabilities which are the indication of the charge disturbance/excitation of the Raman virtual state. A classical formula based on the electric and magnetic dipolar coupling among the charges on the atoms is developed which relates the charges and vibrational amplitudes of the atoms in a normal mode to the Raman optical activity(ROA) mode signatures. By fitting with the experimental ROA signatures, we are able to elucidate the scaling parameter which relates the bond polarizability to the electric charge. The result shows that around40% of the charges in pinane are involved in the Raman process under 532 nm laser excitation.

Miniaturized and highly sensitive fiber-optic Fabry–Perot sensor for mHz infrasound detection

Infrasound detection is important in natural disasters monitoring,military defense,underwater acoustic detection,and other domains.Fiber-optic Fabry–Perot(FP)acoustic sensors have the advantages of small structure size,long-distance detection,immunity to electromagnetic interference,and so on.The size of an FP sensor depends on the transducer diaphragm size and the back cavity volume.However,a small transducer diaphragm size means a low sensitivity.Moreover,a small back cavity volume will increase the low cut-off frequency of the sensor.Hence,it is difficult for fiber-optic FP infrasound sensors to simultaneously achieve miniaturization,high sensitivity,and extremely low detectable frequency.In this work,we proposed and demonstrated a miniaturized and highly sensitive fiber-optic FP sensor for m Hz infrasound detection by exploiting a Cr-Ag-Au composite acoustic-optic transducer diaphragm and a MEMS technique-based spiral micro-flow hole.The use of the spiral micro-flow hole as the connecting hole greatly reduced the volume of the sensor and decreased the low-frequency limit,while the back cavity volume was not increased.Combined with the Cr-Ag-Au composite diaphragm,a detection sensitivity of-123.19 dB re 1 rad∕μPa at 5 Hz and a minimum detectable pressure(MDP)of1.2 mPa∕Hz^(1∕2)at 5 Hz were achieved.The low detectable frequency can reach 0.01 Hz and the flat response range was 0.01–2500 Hz with a sensitivity fluctuation of±1.5 d B.Moreover,the size of the designed sensor was only 12 mm×Φ12.7 mm.These excellent characteristics make the sensor have great practical application prospects.

Characteristics of the three-dimensional deep electrical structure in the Helan Mountains-Yinchuan Basin and its geodynamic implications

Located in the north segment of the North-South seismic belt where the Alxa block(AB)and the Ordos block(OB)contact,the Helan Mountains-Yinchuan Basin(HLM-YCB)constitutes a typical normal faulting basin-mountain structure on the Chinese mainland.The 1739 M8.0 Pingluo earthquake occurred in the Yinchuan fault depression basin with such a basinmountain structure.Data on five magnetotelluric profiles encompassing distinct segments of the HLM-YCB were utilized for three-dimensional(3D)joint inversion in order to collect fine 3D electrical structure information at a crustal and upper mantle scale across the entire region.The electrical structure between the main blocks in the HLM-YCB and adjacent areas is characterized by east-west horizontal blocks OB,YCB,and HLM,which are divided by the Yellow River fault(F5)with the HLM eastern piedmont fault(F2)as electrical boundary zones on the east and west sides.The two main block units,AB and OB,exhibit an obvious layered resistivity structure.Besides,the HLM-YCB is characterized by a typical basin-mountain structure with the mountains as a high-resistivity body and the basin as a low-resistivity body,and in the northern YCB a large-scale lowresistivity structure exists,extending to the upper mantle,probably derived from the upwelling of mantle-derived materials.It is speculated from a combination of recent 3D crustal movement field information and other data that the HLM-YCB is an active tectonic zone formed via regional tensile action.The formation of the HLM-YCB lies in the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau(TP),AB,and OB and abnormal mantle activities beneath the YCB.The HLM-YCB reflects the joint action of upwelling and diffluence caused by the underplating of hot materials from the deep mantle with gravity and the redistribution of regional tectonic stress on the earth’s surface,which may be the main dynamic reason for the 1739 M8.0 Pingluo earthquake.

政策科学的范式转移:从经典政策科学到行为政策科学

近年来,行为经济学在公共政策中得到了广泛应用。与此同时,公共政策的理论框架仍然建立在古典经济学的假设之上,难以应对层出不穷的新挑战。面对政策实践中越来越多的行为问题,公共政策学者亟须进行理论突破:提出一个行为政策科学框架并用以指导实践。本文进行了这样的尝试。在总结经典政策科学模型的基础上,本文根据行为经济学对人类认知行为特征的修正,建立了一个全新的行为政策科学框架。该框架强调了行为政策科学以问题为导向的典型特征。同时,文章基于行为经济学的政策风险,对其伦理争议进行简要探讨。

重新发现比较社会政策研究:概念化与方法

社会政策比较研究目前存在三个问题:其一,讨论研究方法时总是忽略以类型学为代表的描述性研究;其二,一些关键变量的概念化存在争议或相互矛盾;其三,分析概念化或研究方法时脱离历史背景的分析。为此,笔者在系统阅读并梳理战后比较社会政策文献的基础上,厘清描述性、解释性两类研究以及它们各自关注的概念。有了合适的视野之后,对于方法的讨论依然会区分两支研究传统并线进行。同时,关于研究脉络的叙述方式也会影响学者们对这一领域研究的理解,因而本文的另一大贡献便是将每一个关键的概念化方式与理论嵌入到历史流变中,以社会政策实践的演变解释其研究的变化。

Remotely excited Raman optical activity using chiral plasmon propagation in Ag nanowires

We experimentally investigated remotely excited Raman optical activity(ROA)using propagating surface plasmons in chiral Ag nanowires.Using chiral fmoc-glycyl-glycine-OH(FGGO)molecules,we first studied the local surface plasmon-enhanced ROA.We found that the Raman intensity can be excited by left-and right-circularly polarized lights and that the circular intensity difference(CID)can be significantly enhanced.Second,by selecting vibrational modes with large Raman and ROA intensities that are not influenced by chemical enhancements,we studied remotely excited ROA imaging and the CID of FGGO molecules by propagating a plasmonic waveguide using Ag chiral nanostructures.When laser light was radiated on one of the Ag terminals,the measured CID of the FGG at the other terminal showed little change compared to the local excited CID.Meanwhile,when the laser light was radiated on the Ag nanowires(not on the terminals)and was coupled to the nearby nanoantenna,the CID of the ROA could be manipulated by altering the coupling angle between the Ag nanowires.To directly demonstrate the propagation of ROA along the nanowire and its remote detection,we also measured the remotely excited ROA spectra.Our experimental method has the potential to remotely determine the chirality of molecular structures and the absolute configuration or conformation of a chiral live cell.