Genome-wide association with transcriptomics reveals a shade-tolerance gene network in soybean

Shade tolerance is essential for soybeans in inter/relay cropping systems.A genome-wide association study(GWAS)integrated with transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genes and construct a genetic network governing the trait in a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from two soybean parents with contrasting shade tolerance.An improved GWAS procedure,restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association study based on gene/allele sequence markers(GASM-RTM-GWAS),identified 140 genes and their alleles associated with shade-tolerance index(STI),146 with relative pith cell length(RCL),and nine with both.Annotation of these genes by biological categories allowed the construction of a protein–protein interaction network by 187 genes,of which half were differentially expressed under shading and non-shading conditions as well as at different growth stages.From the identified genes,three ones jointly identified for both traits by both GWAS and transcriptome and two genes with maximum links were chosen as beginners for entrance into the network.Altogether,both STI and RCL gene systems worked for shade-tolerance with genes interacted each other,this confirmed that shadetolerance is regulated by more than single group of interacted genes,involving multiple biological functions as a gene network.

TiO_(2)Electron Transport Layer with p-n Homojunctions for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Low-temperature processed electron transport layer(ETL)of TiO_(2)that is widely used in planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has inherent low carrier mobility,resulting in insufficient photogenerated elec-tron transport and thus recombination loss at buried interface.Herein,we demonstrate an effective strategy of laser embedding of p-n homojunctions in the TiO_(2)ETL to accelerate electron transport in PSCs,through localized build-in electric fields that enables boosted electron mobility by two orders of magnitude.Such embedding is found significantly helpful for not only the enhanced crystallization quality of TiO_(2)ETL,but the fabrication of perovskite films with larger-grain and the less-trap-states.The embedded p-n homojunction enables also the modulation of interfacial energy level between perovskite layers and ETLs,favoring for the reduced voltage deficit of PSCs.Benefiting from these merits,the formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI_(3))PSCs employing such ETLs deliver a champion efficiency of 25.50%,along with much-improved device stability under harsh conditions,i.e.,maintain over 95%of their initial efficiency after operation at maximum power point under continuous heat and illumination for 500 h,as well as mixed-cation PSCs with a champion efficiency of 22.02%and over 3000 h of ambient storage under humidity stability of 40%.Present study offers new possibilities of regulating charge transport layers via p-n homojunction embedding for high performance optoelectronics.

High-silica faujasite zeolite-tailored metal encapsulation for the low-temperature production of pentanoic biofuels

Zeolite-encapsulated metal nanoclusters are at the heart of bifunctional catalysts,which hold great potential for petrochemical conversion and the emerging sustainable biorefineries.Nevertheless,efficient encapsulation of metal nanoclusters into a high-silica zeolite Y in particular with good structural integrity still remains a significant challenge.Herein,we have constructed Ru nanoclusters(~1 nm)encapsulated inside a high-silica zeolite Y(SY)with a SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) ratio(SAR)of 10 via a cooperative strategy for direct zeolite synthesis and a consecutive impregnation for metal encapsulation.Compared with the benchmark Ru/H-USY and other analogues,the as-prepared Ru/H-SY markedly boosts the yields of pentanoic biofuels and stability in the direct hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived levulinate even at a mild temperature of 180℃,which are attributed to the notable stabilization of transition states by the enhanced acid accessibility and properly sized constraints of zeolite cavities owing to the good structural integrity.

Quick repositioning maneuver for horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of quick repositioning maneuver for horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (H-BPPV). Methods:Clinical data of 67 patients with H-BPPV who underwent quick repositioning maneuver in our hospital from July 2009 to November 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The maneuver involved rotating the patient in the axial plane for 180? from the involved side towards contralateral side as quickly as possible. Results:Complete symptom resolution was achieved in 61 patients (91.0%) at one week and in 64 patients (95.5%) at 3 months post-treatment. During the repositioning maneuver process, there were no obvious untoward responses except transient nausea with or without vomiting in a few patients. Conclusion:The results indicate that the quick repositioning maneuver is an easy and effective alternative treatment in the management of H-BPPV. Copyright ? 2015 The Authors. Production & hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd On behalf of PLA General Hospital Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Damage characteristics and catastrophic failure mechanism of coal rock induced by gas adsorption under compression

To reveal the damage characteristics and catastrophic failure mechanism of coal rock caused by gas adsorption,physical tests and theoretical methods are employed.The results show that adsorption swelling can damage coal rock,which can be distinguished by fractal dimension.A fitting relationship between the adsorption damage and fractal dimension is proposed by experimental testing and theoretical analysis.High gas adsorption pressure proves to be the dominant factor that leads to coal failure softening and gas outburst disasters.Three main parameters concerning adsorption damage include the change rate of released energy density,the transition difference in the post-peak acoustic emission(AE)b value and the change rate of cumulative AE energy.Results show that all the three parameters present a step-type decreasing change with the increase in fractal dimension,and the fractal dimension shows a linear relationship within the same failure mode.Finally,a method is proposed to evaluate coal rock disaster transformation,based on the aforementioned three main parameters of adsorption damage.

Skin nerve regeneration and burn wound healing following spinal nerve root incision

Burn wounds were produced on two sides on the backs of Wistar rats, in addition to denervation on one side. The skin neural regeneration at the injury site and burn wound healing were evaluated following spinal nerve root incision. No nerve regeneration was observed in the burn wound region post-denervation, and the degree of epithelization was significantly less than the control group. With increasing time, expression of type I collagen, which plays a supporting role, and collagen III, which exhibits elastJc propertJes, were sJgnificantly increased Jn the two groups, but the expression was less in the denervation group compared with the control group, and the wound healing was faster in the control group. The ratio of type I collagen to type III collagen was significantly lower in the denervation group compared with the control group. The ratio gradually decreased with prolonged time in the denervation group, but remained unchanged in the control group. However, the elasticity of the tissues in the denervation group was better than the control group. During burn wound healing, innervations can promote wound healing, but denervation can improve the quality of wound remodeling.

Highly efficient catalytic valorization of biomass-derived hexoses and furfuryl alcohol in the presence of polymer-based catalysts

The catalytic transformation of furfuryl alcohol and hexose into value-added chemicals have been investigated with a series of polymer-based catalysts including poly(styrenesulfonic acid)(PSS),graphite oxide-doped poly(styrenesulfonic acid)(PSS-GO),and graphite-doped poly(-styrenesulfonic acid)(PSS-C).It is found that the selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol to methyl levulinate(MLE)was successfully performed with PSS as the catalyst,in which a 96.4%yield is attained in methanol solvent.Moreover,the efficient dehydration of D-fructose to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)has also been achieved using PSS-GO as the catalyst,where a 76.5%yield of HMF was obtained in Nmethylpyrrodinone solvent.The effects of reaction temperature,time and solvent were investigated.Furthermore,the used catalysts have been respectively characterized by XRD,TG,FTIR,SEM and TEM techniques to reveal the physical properties and structures of these polymeric catalytic materials.

中国亚热带森林筑巢独栖蜂类群及其寄生者多样性

筑巢独栖蜂包括捕食者和传粉者,在生态系统中具有重要的生态功能。巢管法用于研究筑巢蜂的生物学、生活史、多样性和生态学特性,但此前较少用于研究亚热带森林中的独栖蜂。经过在生物多样性-生态系统功能实验(BEF-China)新岗山样地5年的长期定点监测和实验样本积累,我们发现了独栖蜂的主要类群和发生规律。巢管法共获得128个物种,隶属于3目25科。其中传粉者占全部独栖蜂的26.6%,共2科12种,主要为分舌蜂和切叶蜂;捕食者约占全部独栖蜂的73.4%,有4科44种,以蜾蠃、蛛蜂、泥蜂和方头泥蜂为主;独栖蜂寄生者有19科72种,主要类群是麻蝇、蜂虻、青蜂、钩腹蜂和姬小蜂。独栖蜂物种组成中传粉者多样性显著低于捕食者。同时独栖蜂中普遍存在着雌雄羽化异律现象,即雄性先羽化,并在越冬个体中更明显。切叶蜂科和方头泥蜂科的发生时间比蜾蠃亚科和蛛蜂科的发生时间更集中。此外,通过构建独栖蜂及其寄生者的互作网络,我们发现寄生者多度和多样性受较低营养级寄主的上行控制效应调节。上述结果揭示了对中国亚热带森林地区独栖蜂及其寄生者多样性,有利于更好地保护野生独栖蜂资源,发挥其生态服务功能。

Differential SW16.1 allelic effects and genetic backgrounds contributed to increased seed weight after soybean domestication

Although seed weight has increased following domestication from wild soybean(Glycine soja) to cultivated soybean(Glycine max), the genetic basis underlying this change is unclear. Using mapping populations derived from chromosome segment substitution lines of wild soybean, we identified SW16.1 as the causative gene underlying a major quantitative trait locus controlling seed weight.SW16.1 encodes a nucleus-localized LIM domaincontaining protein. Importantly, the GsSW16.1 allele from wild soybean accession N24852 had a negative effect on seed weight, whereas the GmSW16.1 allele from cultivar NN1138-2 had a positive effect. Gene expression network analysis,reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and promoter-luciferase reporter transient expression assays suggested that SW16.1 regulates the transcription of MT4, a positive regulator of seed weight. The natural variations in SW16.1 and other known seed weight genes were analyzed in soybean germplasm. The SW16.1 polymorphism was associated with seed weight in 247 soybean accessions, showing much higher frequency of positive-effect alleles in cultivated soybean than in wild soybean. Interestingly,gene allele matrix analysis of the known seed weight genes revealed that G. max has lost 38.5%of the G. soja alleles and that most of the lost alleles had negative effects on seed weight. Our results suggest that eliminating negative alleles from G. soja led to a higher frequency of positive alleles and changed genetic backgrounds in G. max,which contributed to larger seeds in cultivated soybean after domestication from wild soybean.Our findings provide new insights regarding soybean domestication and should assist current soybean breeding programs.

Impaired dNKAP function drives genome instability and tumorigenic growth in Drosophila epithelia

Mutations or dysregulated expression of NF-kappaB-activating protein(NKAP)family genes have been found in human cancers.How NKAP family gene mutations promote tumor initiation and progression remains to be determined.Here,we characterized dNKAP,the Drosophila homolog of NKAP,and showed that impaired dNKAP function causes genome instability and tumorigenic growth in a Drosophila epithelial tumor model.dNKAP-knockdown wing imaginal discs exhibit tumorigenic characteristics,including tissue overgrowth,cell-invasive behavior,abnormal cell polarity,and cell adhesion defects.dNKAP knockdown causes both R-loop accumulation and DNA damage,indicating the disruption of genome integrity.Further analysis showed that dNKAP knockdown induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)-dependent apoptosis and causes aberrant cell proliferation in distinct cell populations.Activation of the Notch and JAK/STAT signaling pathways contributes to the tumorigenic growth of dNKAP-knockdown tissues.Furthermore,JNK signaling is essential for dNKAP depletion-mediated cell invasion.Transcriptome analysis of dNKAP-knockdown tissues confirmed the misregulation of signaling pathways involved in promoting tumorigenesis and revealed abnormal regulation of metabolic pathways.dNKAP knockdown and oncogenic Ras,Notch,or Yki mutations show synergies in driving tumorigenesis,further supporting the tumor-suppressive role of dNKAP.In summary,this study demonstrates that dNKAP plays a tumor-suppressive role by preventing genome instability in Drosophila epithelia and thus provides novel insights into the roles of human NKAP family genes in tumor initiation and progression.

Bearing fault diagnosis based on a multiple-constraint modal-invariant graph convolutional fusion network

Multisensor data fusionmethod can improve the accuracy of bearing fault diagnosis,in order to address the problems of single-sensor data types and the insufficient exploration of redundancy and complementarity between different modal data in most existing multisensor data fusion methods for bearing fault diagnosis,a bearing fault diagnosis method based on a Multiple-Constraint Modal-Invariant Graph Convolutional Fusion Network(MCMI-GCFN)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,a Convolutional Autoencoder(CAE)and Squeeze-and-Excitation Block(SE block)are used to extract features of raw current and vibration signals.Secondly,the model introduces source domain classifiers and domain discriminators to capture modal invariance between different modal data based on domain adversarial training,making use of the redundancy and complementarity between multimodal data.Then,the spatial aggregation property of Graph Convolutional Neural Networks(GCN)is utilized to capture the dependency relationship between current and vibration modes with similar time step features for accurately fusing contextual semantic information.Finally,the validation is conducted on the public bearing damage current and vibration dataset from Paderborn University.The experimental results showed that the delivered fusion method achieved a bearing fault diagnosis accuracy of 99.6%,which was about 9%–11.4%better than that with nonfusion methods.

昆虫多样性三十年研究进展

当前,全球昆虫数量和多样性均处于下降趋势,而导致这一趋势的原因主要包括人为干扰及气候变化。本文基于森林、草地、农业、水生和土壤生态系统,以植食性、访花、捕食性、寄生性、食果以及食腐昆虫为重点功能昆虫群,综述了近三十年来国内外昆虫多样性研究领域的主要进展,并分析了发展趋势。近年来,昆虫多样性的研究维度不断拓展,形态多样性研究不断深入,系统发生多样性、功能多样性和遗传多样性等研究也显著加强。此外,昆虫多样性研究的空间尺度也逐步扩大,大尺度区域性研究甚至全球范围的调查持续增长。昆虫进化历史也被引入多样性格局研究中,并随着系统发生信息学方法的普及而被整合到生态系统建成和生物多样性形成机制研究中。未来需要加强关键昆虫类群整合分类学研究、功能性状多样性、林冠昆虫多样性、互作网络结构等方向的研究。

大口径望远镜主镜位置控制系统设计

为了满足4 m大口径望远镜镜面成像对主镜位置的高精度需求,介绍了采用电机驱动浮动液压支撑方式的主镜位置控制系统设计方法。介绍了主镜位置控制系统的构成并建立了各结构的数学模型;基于线性扩张观测器和一阶动态滑模控制方法,设计了主镜位置控制器;对该控制系统进行了仿真验证。结果显示:在俯仰轴以1(°)·s-1的速度匀速运动的情况下,每个支撑区域的跟踪误差最大值小于0.5μm;在俯仰轴正弦引导情况下,跟踪误差最大值为1μm,明显优于传统的比例积分控制的13μm跟踪误差,满足4 m望远镜主镜位置控制系统的设计要求。该研究为大口径望远镜主镜位置控制系统设计提供了一定的参考。

Development of a machine learning model to predict early recurrence for hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection

Background:Early recurrence is common for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)after surgical resection,being the leading cause of death.Traditionally,the COX proportional hazard(CPH)models based on linearity assumption have been used to predict early recurrence,but predictive performance is limited.Machine learning models offer a novel methodology and have several advantages over CPH models.Hence,the purpose of this study was to compare random survival forests(RSF)model with CPH models in prediction of early recurrence for HCC patients after curative resection.Methods:A total of 4,758 patients undergoing curative resection from two medical centers were included.Fifteen features including age,gender,etiology,platelet count,albumin,total bilirubin,AFP,tumor size,tumor number,microvascular invasion,macrovascular invasion,Edmondson-Steiner grade,tumor capsular,satellite nodules and liver cirrhosis were used to construct the RSF model in training cohort.Discrimination,calibration,clinical usefulness and overall performance were assessed and compared with other models.Results:Five hundred survival trees were used to generate the RFS model.The five highest Variable Importance(VIMP)were tumor size,macrovascular invasion,microvascular invasion,tumor number and AFP.In training,internal and external validation cohort,the C-index of RSF model were 0.725[standard errors(SE)=0.005],0.762(SE=0.011)and 0.747(SE=0.016),respectively;the Gönen&Heller’s K of RSF model were 0.684(SE=0.005),0.711(SE=0.008)and 0.697(SE=0.014),respectively;the time-dependent AUC(2 years)of RSF model were 0.818(SE=0.008),0.823(SE=0.014)and 0.785(SE=0.025),respectively.The RSF model outperformed early recurrence after surgery for liver tumor(ERASL)model,Korean model,American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis(AJCC TNM)stage,Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC)stage and Chinese stage.The RSF model is capable of stratifying patients into three different risk groups(low-risk,intermediate-risk,high-risk groups)in the training and two validation cohorts(all P<0.0001).A web-based prediction tool was built to facilitate clinical application(https://recurrenceprediction.shinyapps.io/surgery_predict/).Conclusions:The RSF model is a reliable tool to predict early recurrence for patients with HCC after curative resection because it exhibited superior performance compared with other models.This novel model will be helpful to guide postoperative follow-up and adjuvant therapy.

Lateral composition-graded semiconductor nanoribbons for multi-color nanolasers

Low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures have attracted much interest for applications in integrated photonic and optoelectronic devices. Band gap engineering within single semiconductor nanoribbons helps to manipulate photon behavior in two different cavities （in the width and length directions） and realize new photonic phenomena and applications. In this work, lateral composition-graded semiconductor nanoribbons were grown for the first time through an improved source-moving vapor phase route. Along the width of the nanoribbon, the material can be gradually tuned from pure CdS to a highly Se-doped CdSSe alloy with a corresponding band gap modulation from 2.42 to 1.94 eV. The achieved alloy ribbons are overall high-quality crystals, and the position-dependent band-edge photoluminescence （PL） emission had a peak wavelength continuously tuned from -515 to -640 nm. These ribbons can realize multi-color lasing with three groups of lasing modes centered at 519, 557, and 623 run. It was confirmed that the red lasing was from optical resonance along the length direction, while the green and yellow lasing was from optical resonance along the width direction. These novel nanoribbon structures may be applied to many integrated photonic and optoelectronic devices.

High-entropy Sm_(2)B_(2)O_(7)(B=Ti,Zr,Sn,Hf,Y,Yb,Nb,and Ta) oxides with highly disordered B-site cations for ultralow thermal conductivity

Materials with ultralow thermal conductivity and good thermal stability are of great interest in numerous applications such as energy storage and conversion devices,and thermal insulation components.In this work,a family of high-entropy Sm_(2)B_(2)O_(7)(B=Ti,Zr,Sn,Hf,Y,Yb,Nb,and Ta) oxides with highly disordered cations on the B-site has been synthesized by introducing large atomic-size mismatch,mass and charge disorder.Through tuning the composition,the high-entropy Sm_(2)B_(2)O_(7) oxides can be engineered from pyrochlore to fluorite structure,accompanied with an order-disorder transition.The pyrochlore Sm_(2)(Nb_(0.2)Sn_(0.2)Ti_(0.2)Y_(0.2)Zr_(0.2))_(2)O_(7) and fluorite Sm_(2)(Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Y_(0.2)Yb_(0.2)Zr_(0.2))_(2)O_(7) exhibit low thermal conductivities of 1.35 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1) and 1.23 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),respectively,indicating their good thermal insulation.In addition,the high-entropy fluorite Sm_(2)(Nb_(0.2)Ta_(0.2)Y_(0.2)Yb_(0.2)Zr_(0.2))_(2)O_(7) also shows average thermal expansion coefficient of 10.2 × 10^(-6)℃^(-1) and high-temperature stability even after thermal exposure at 1600 °C in air for 30 h.These results indicate that the high-entropy Sm_(2)B_(2)O_(7)(B=Ti,Zr,Sn,Hf,Y,Yb,Nb,and Ta) can be promising candidates for thermal barrier coatings and thermally insulators.

Controllable optical emission wavelength in all-inorganic halide perovskite alloy microplates grown by two-step chemical vapor deposition

All-inorganic halide perovskites(IHP),CsPbX_(3)(X=Cl,Br,I)exhibiting efficient optical emissions within the spectral range of 410 to 730 nm are potential candidates for many optoelectronic devices.Anion alloying of these IHPs is expected to achieve tunable emission wavelength covering the entire visible spectrum.Here,we developed a two-step chemical vapor deposition(CVD)process for growing quaternary IHP CsPbX_(3)(X=Cl/Br and Br/I)alloys.By exploiting the fast diffusion of halide anions in IHPs,the alloy composition can be precisely controlled by the growth time of the respective layers once the growth of the individual ternary IHP is optimized.Hence complexities in the multi-parameter optimization in the conventional CVD growth of quaternary alloys can be mitigated.Using this process,we synthesized single crystalline,homogeneous and thermally stable CsPbCl3_((1−X))Br_(3x)and CsPbBr3_((1−X))I_(3x)perovskites alloy microplates and demonstrated continuously tunable emission covering the spectrum from 428 to 715 nm by varying the halide compositions in the alloys.These alloy microplates also exhibit room temperature amplified spontaneous emissions(ASE)along with strong photonic discharges from the microplate’s edges and hence are potentially useful as a gain medium as well as optical cavities for emissions with wavelengths covering the visible spectrum.

Germanium-on-silicon avalanche photodiode for 1550 nm weak light signal detection at room temperature

To optimize the dark current characteristic and detection efficiency of the 1550 nm weak light signal at room temperature,this work proposes a Ge-on-Si avalanche photodiode[APD]in Geiger mode,which could operate at 300 K.This lateral separate absorption charge multiplication APD shows a low breakdown voltage[V_(br)]in Geiger mode of-7.42 V and low dark current of 0.096 n A at unity gain voltage[V_(Gain)=1=-7.03 V].Combined with an RF amplifier module and counter,the detection system demonstrates a low dark count rate[DCR]of 1.1×10^(6) counts per second and high detection efficiencyηof 7.8%for 1550 nm weak coherent pulse detection at 300 K.The APD reported in this work weakens the dependence of the weak optical signal recognition on the low environment temperature and makes single-chip integration of the single-photon level detection system possible.

Three-terminal germanium-on-silicon avalanche photodiode with extended p-charge layer for dark current reduction

Germanium-on-silicon(Ge-on-Si) avalanche photodiodes(APDs) are widely used in near-infrared detection, laser ranging, free space communication, quantum communication, and other fields. However, the existence of lattice defects at the Ge/Si interface causes a high dark current in the Ge-on-Si APD, degrading the device sensitivity and also increasing energy consumption in integrated circuits. In this work, we propose a novel surface illuminated Ge-on-Si APD architecture with three terminals. Besides two electrodes on Si substrates, a third electrode is designed for Ge to regulate the control current and bandwidth, achieving multiple outputs of a single device and reducing the dark current of the device. When the voltage on Ge is -27.5 V, the proposed device achieves a dark current of 100 n A, responsivity of 9.97 A/W at -40 d Bm input laser power at 1550 nm, and optimal bandwidth of 142 MHz. The low dark current and improved responsivity can meet the requirements of autonomous driving and other applications demanding weak light detection.

Molecular characterization and expression of the feminization-1c (fem1c) in the freshwater mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii)

The feminization-1c(fem-1c)gene has been shown to be associated with sex differentiation and determination in many metazoan species.It belongs to the fem-1 family which is a member of the ANK superfamily.In this study,the full-length cDNA of the fem-1c(Hcfem-1c)gene was isolated from the freshwater mussel(Hypriopsis cumingii).The isolated Hcfem-1c cDNA was 2196 bp in length and encoded a putative protein of 621 amino acids that contains seven ANK domains.Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced HcFEM-1C protein showed that it clustered with the other invertebrates homologues,indicating that the sequence of HcFEM-1C was conserved during evolution.Quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR)expression revealed that the Hcfem-1c gene was expressed in the adductor muscle,foot,liver,gill,kidney,mantle,and gonads of male and female adult mussels(two years old).In the gonads Hcfem-1c was much less abundant in males than that in females.During early development of the gonads,Hcfem-1c transcripts were significantly increased in the primordial germ cell differentiation stage(5 months old).We hypothesized that Hcfem-1c probably regulates female gonad differentiation.In situ hybridization showed that a strong and specific signal concentrated in the female oocyte cell membrane and male follicular wall,indicating that Hcfem-1c gene may not only be involved in female gonad differentiation,but also participates in egg development.This study laid the foundations for a better understanding of gender differentiation mechanism in H.cumingii.