微波辅助合成促进铬酸铋晶体的光生电荷分离

为了将可再生太阳能转化为化学物质,探索具有宽光谱响应的光催化剂用于光催化分解水越来越受到人们的关注。作为铋基层状金属氧化物的一员,铬酸铋(Bi_(2)CrO_(6))的带隙约为1.9 eV,在利用大范围太阳光谱方面具有潜力。然而,Bi_(2)CrO_(6)较差的电荷分离性能限制了其在光催化中的应用。本文采用微波辅助水热合成方法制备了具有规则形貌的Bi_(2)CrO_(6)晶体,该晶体具有结晶度高、形貌均匀的优点。与传统制备方法相比,微波辐照实现了体系的快速加热,极大地加速了成核和生长的化学反应,从而在几分钟内形成了Bi_(2)CrO_(6)晶体。微波辅助合成的Bi_(2)CrO_(6)晶体在光催化和光电化学测试中表现出更好的光生电荷分离以及水氧化活性。此外实验中观察到光生电子和空穴在Bi_(2)CrO_(6)晶体的不同晶面之间发生空间分离,通过进一步在不同晶面上光沉积选择性负载还原和氧化助催化剂,显著增强了光催化活性。这项工作为制备高效太阳能转换的半导体光催化剂提供了一种可行的解决方案。

Self-derivation and reconstruction of silver nanoparticle reinforced cobalt-nickel bimetallic hydroxides through interface engineering for overall water splitting

Designing efficient and long-lasting non-metal electrocatalysts is an urgent task for addressing the issue of kinetic hysteresis in electrochemical oxidation reactions.The bimetallic hydroxides,catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),have significant research potential because hydroxide reconstruction to generate an active phase is a remarkable advantage.Herein,the complete reconstruction of ultrathin CoNi(OH)_(2) nanosheets was achieved by embedding Ag nanoparticles into the hydroxide to induce a spontaneous redox reaction(SRR),forming heterojunction Ag@CoNi(OH)_(2) for bifunctional hydrolysis.Theoretical calculations and in situ Raman and ex situ characterizations revealed that the inductive effect of the Ag cation redistributed the charge to promote phase transformation to highly activate Ag-modified hydroxides.The Co-Ni dual sites in Co/NiOOH serve as novel active sites for optimizing the intermediates,thereby weakening the barrier formed by OOH^*.Ag@CoNi(OH)_(2) required a potential of 1.55 V to drive water splitting at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),with nearly 98.6% Faraday efficiency.Through ion induction and triggering of electron regulation in the OER via the synergistic action of the heterogeneous interface and surface reconstruction,this strategic design can overcome the limited capacity of bimetallic hydroxides and bridge the gap between the basic theory and industrialization of water decomposition.

Formation and growth of nanophase iron particles on the surface of Mercury revealed by experimental study

Space weathering is a primary factor in altering the composition and spectral characteristics of surface materials on airless planets.However,current research on space weathering focuses mainly on the Moon and certain types of asteroids.In particular,the impacts of meteoroids and micrometeoroids,radiation from solar wind/solar flares/cosmic rays,and thermal fatigue due to temperature variations are being studied.Space weathering produces various transformation products such as melted glass,amorphous layers,iron particles,vesicles,and solar wind water.These in turn lead to soil maturation,changes in visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra(weakening of characteristic absorption peaks,decreased reflectance,increased near-infrared slope),and alterations in magnetism(related to small iron particles),collectively termed the“lunar model”of space weathering transformation.Compared to the Moon and asteroids,Mercury has unique spatial environmental characteristics,including more intense meteoroid impacts and solar thermal radiation,as well as a weaker particle radiation environment due to the global distribution of its magnetic field.Therefore,the lunar model of space weathering may not apply to Mercury.Previous studies have extensively explored the eff ects of micrometeoroid impacts.Hence,this work focuses on the eff ects of solar-wind particle radiation in global magnetic-field distribution and on the weathering transformation of surface materials on Mercury under prolonged intense solar irradiation.Through the utilization of highvalence state,heavy ion implantation,and vacuum heating simulation experiments,this paper primarily investigates the weathering transformation characteristics of the major mineral components such as anorthite,pyroxene,and olivine on Mercury’s surface and compares them to the weathering transformation model of the Moon.The experimental results indicate that ion implantation at room temperature is insufficient to generate np-Fe^(0)directly but can facilitate its formation,while prolonged exposure to solar thermal radiation on Mercury’s surface can lead directly to the formation of np-Fe^(0).Therefore,intense solar thermal radiation is a crucial component of the unique space weathering transformation process on Mercury’s surface.

Genomic alterations in oral multiple primary cancers

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the predominant type of oral cancer, while some patients may develop oral multiple primary cancers (MPCs) with unclear etiology. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and genomic alterations of oral MPCs. Clinicopathological data from patients with oral single primary carcinoma (SPC, n=202) and oral MPCs (n=34) were collected and compared. Copy number alteration (CNA) analysis was conducted to identify chromosomal-instability differences among oral MPCs, recurrent OSCC cases, and OSCC patients with lymph node metastasis. Whole-exome sequencing was employed to identify potential unique gene mutations in oral MPCs patients. Additionally, CNA and phylogenetic tree analyses were used to gain preliminary insights into the molecular characteristics of different primary tumors within individual patients. Our findings revealed that, in contrast to oral SPC, females predominated the oral MPCs (70.59%), while smoking and alcohol use were not frequent in MPCs.Moreover, long-term survival outcomes were poorer in oral MPCs. From a CNA perspective, no significant differences were observed between oral MPCs patients and those with recurrence and lymph node metastasis. In addition to commonly mutated genes such as CASP8, TP53 and MUC16, in oral MPCs we also detected relatively rare mutations, such as HS3ST6 and RFPL4A. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated that most MPCs patients exhibited similarities in certain genomic regions within individuals, and distinct differences of the similarity degree were observed between synchronous and metachronous oral MPCs.

A Possible γ-Ray Pulsation from PSR J1740-5340B in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

Recently, a new radio millisecond pulsar(MSP) J1740-5340B, hosted in the globular cluster(GC) NGC 6397,was reported with a 5.78 ms spin period in an eclipsing binary system with a 1.97 days orbital period. Based on a modified radio ephemeris updated by tool tempo2, we analyze the ~15 yr γ-ray data obtained from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and detect PSR J1740-5340B's γ-ray pulsation at a confidence level of ~4σ with a weighted H-test value of ~26. By performing a phase-resolved analysis, the γ-ray luminosity in on-pulse interval of PSR J1740-5340B is L_(γ)~ 3.8 × 10^(33) erg s^(-1) using NGC 6397's distance of 2.48 kpc. And γ-rays from the on-pulse part of PSR J1740-5340B contribute ~90% of the total observed γ-ray emissions from NGC 6397. No significant γ-ray pulsation of another MSP J1740-5340A in the GC is detected.Considering that the previous four cases of MSPs in GCs, more data in γ-ray, X-ray, and radio are encouraged to finally confirm the γ-ray emissions from MSP J1740-5340B, especially starving for a precise ephemeris.

Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx

To date,several molecules have been found to facilitate iron influx,while the types of iron influx channels remain to be elucidated.Here,Piezo1 channel was identified as a key iron transporter in response to mechanical stress.Piezo1-mediated iron overload disturbed iron metabolism and exaggerated ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells(NPCs).Importantly,Piezo1-induced iron influx was independent of the transferrin receptor(TFRC),a well-recognized iron gatekeeper.Furthermore,pharmacological inactivation of Piezo1 profoundly reduced iron accumulation,alleviated mitochondrial ROS,and suppressed ferroptotic alterations in stimulation of mechanical stress.Moreover,conditional knockout of Piezo1(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox))attenuated the mechanical injury-induced intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD).Notably,the protective effect of Piezo1 deficiency in IVDD was dampened in Piezo1/Gpx4 conditional double knockout(cDKO)mice(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox)/Gpx4^(flox/flox)).These findings suggest that Piezo1 is a potential determinant of iron influx,indicating that the Piezo1-iron-ferroptosis axis might shed light on the treatment of mechanical stress-induced diseases.

抓住“关键少数”防范债务风险——基于地方政府融资平台新增债务的分析

基于2008—2020年263个市级地方政府直接控股的751家融资平台的新增债务数据,本文发现核心高管更替会使得融资平台在其所对应的地方党政主要领导任职期间年均新增更多的债务。上述结论不受党政主要领导年龄的影响,并且在全国范围内都显著成立。通过对2015年以来历年的债务治理政策进行评估,本文进一步发现:发行地方政府债券对融资平台新增债务的抑制作用并不大;并且,债务治理政策对融资平台新增债务的抑制作用很大程度上取决于政策的执行力度。基于上述实证结果,我们对防范地方政府债务风险提供了相应的政策建议。

NiMo(O)物相结构与电解水析氢反应活性的关联

在电催化析氢反应中,Ni Mo(O)催化剂在高电流密度下通常表现为极低的过电位。然而,该优异电催化性能的真正起源尚不明确。一个新的角度,即研究钼镍催化剂结构/性能演变的规律,能够帮助深入理解镍钼催化剂具有高活性的本质原因。基于此,本文详细阐述了含有结晶水的钼酸镍的脱水和氧化过程,在随后的还原处理中,该演变过程也被证实对于衍生不同的催化剂相结构具有重要作用。文中通过热重-差热分析以及程序升温氢气还原的方法探究电催化剂的特征相结构演变过程。同时,借助X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱和高分辨透射电子显微镜分析确认催化剂物相。原位电化学X射线衍射分析提供了电催化剂在反应过程中的晶相结构。本文合成了具有不同主体相结构的钼镍催化剂:MoNi4,β-NiMoO_(4)和α-NiMoO_(4),它们的析氢反应活性具有显著差异。其中,β-NiMoO_(4)作为主体相结构的NiMoO_(4)-400air-H_(2)催化剂在碱性水还原反应中显现出最差的析氢性能;与之相比,α-NiMoO_(4)作为主体相结构的NiMoO_(4)-500air-H_(2)催化剂的活性有所提升。而从NiMoO_(4)·(n-x)H_(2)O演变得到的以MoNi4为主体结构的NiMoO_(4)-300air-H_(2)催化剂具有最优异的电催化析氢反应活性。此外,通过电化学表面积归一化的活性与几何面积归一化的活性展现出相同的趋势。本文还通过密度泛函理论计算得到不同相结构的催化剂对于水还原反应中间物种(H_(2)O、OH和H)的吸附强度以及水解离能力。该研究发现不同的物相所导致的催化剂结构差异能够引起其对析氢反应中间物种的吸附能力的差异,进而具有不同的水解离能力,最终导致不同的析氢活性。在β-NiMoO_(4)上,其最差的析氢性能可归因于对三种中间物均最弱的吸附能力,阻碍了水解离过程。而对中间物种吸附能力提升,更有利于α-NiMoO_(4)表面的水还原动力学,从而改善其析氢反应活性。相比之下,表现为相对最强中间物种吸附能力的MoNi4具有最优异的催化性能。实验中β-NiMoO_(4),α-NiMoO_(4)和MoNi_(4)的析氢性能依次提升,与理论计算中各物相所对应的水解离能垒依次降低相一致,证实了析氢活性依赖于催化剂物相结构的本质。该研究为合理设计和优化Ni Mo(O)催化剂提供参考。

Master crack types and typical acoustic emission characteristics during rock failure

Acoustic emission(AE)signals contain substantial information about the internal fracture characteristics of rocks and are useful for revealing the laws governing the release of energy stored therein.Reported here is the evolution of rock failure with diferent master crack types as investigated using Brazilian splitting tests(BSTs),direct shear tests(DSTs),and uniaxial compression tests(UCTs).The AE parameters and typical modes of each fracture type were obtained,and the energy release characteristics of each fracture mechanism were discussed.From the observed changes in the AE parameters,the rock fracture process exhibits characteristics of staged intensifcation.The scale and energy level of crack activity in the BSTs were signifcantly lower than those in the DSTs and UCTs.The proportion of tensile cracks in the BSTs was 65%–75%,while the proportions of shear cracks in the DSTs and UCTs were 75%–85%and 70%–75%,respectively.During the rock loading process under diferent conditions,failure was accompanied by an increased number of shear cracks.The amplitude,duration,and rise time of the AE signal from rock failure were larger when the failure was dominated by shear cracks rather than tensile ones,and most of the medium-and high-energy signals had medium to low frequencies.After calculating the proposed energy amplitude ratio,the energy release of shear cracks was found to exceed that of tensile cracks at the same fracture scale.

货币演变进程中的化学隐推力解析——推荐一个化学与社会沉浸式思政教学案例

不同时期货币的铸造手段或制造方法分别体现了当时社会的发展水平,并呈现出人们对化学技术的掌握程度。货币的每一次演变都标志着社会的进步,在每次的演变过程中化学都起到了非常重要的作用。本文以货币演变进程中金属货币的铸造、纸币的防伪以及数字货币的保密与化学紧密关联为中心,将化学知识融入到社会发展和进步中,通过彼此融合和相互渗透的方式开展化学与社会沉浸式思政教学,让学生在了解货币螺旋渐进演变过程中隐含化学推力的同时,进一步增强学生的自然科学素养、人文情怀和社会责任感。

Genetic gain and inbreeding from simulation of different genomic mating schemes for pig improvement

Background Genomic selection involves choosing as parents those elite individuals with the higher genomic estimated breeding values(GEBV)to accelerate the speed of genetic improvement in domestic animals.But after multi-generation selection,the rate of inbreeding and the occurrence of homozygous harmful alleles might increase,which would reduce performance and genetic diversity.To mitigate the above problems,we can utilize genomic mating(GM)based upon optimal mate allocation to construct the best genotypic combinations in the next generation.In this study,we used stochastic simulation to investigate the impact of various factors on the efficiencies of GM to optimize pairing combinations after genomic selection of candidates in a pig population.These factors included:the algorithm used to derive inbreeding coefficients;the trait heritability(0.1,0.3 or 0.5);the kind of GM scheme(focused average GEBV or inbreeding);the approach for computing the genomic relationship matrix(by SNP or runs of homozygosity(ROH)).The outcomes were compared to three traditional mating schemes(random,positive assortative or negative assortative matings).In addition,the performance of the GM approach was tested on real datasets obtained from a Large White pig breeding population.Results Genomic mating outperforms other approaches in limiting the inbreeding accumulation for the same expected genetic gain.The use of ROH-based genealogical relatedness in GM achieved faster genetic gains than using relatedness based on individual SNPs.The GROH-based GM schemes with the maximum genetic gain resulted in 0.9%-2.6%higher rates of genetic gainΔG,and 13%-83.3%lowerΔF than positive assortative mating regardless of heritability.The rates of inbreeding were always the fastest with positive assortative mating.Results from a purebred Large White pig population,confirmed that GM with ROH-based GRM was more efficient than traditional mating schemes.Conclusion Compared with traditional mating schemes,genomic mating can not only achieve sustainable genetic progress but also effectively control the rates of inbreeding accumulation in the population.Our findings demonstrated that breeders should consider using genomic mating for genetic improvement of pigs.

Effects of substrate on burrowing behavior,feeding physiology,and energy budget of undulated surf clam Paphia undulata

Substrate is an important abiotic factor for burrowing shellfish,as it not only provides them with shelter,but also impose significant effect on their physiological metabolism.However,the physiological responses of burrowing clams within various substrates get less attention due to difficulty in carrying out physiological tests in buried conditions.Consequently,this study investigated the burrowing behavior,feeding physiology and energy budget of Paphia undulata,which is an important aquaculture bivalve species in south China.The clams were exposed to mud and sand substrates with variable physical properties in the laboratory,to determine the suitable substrate conditions for this species.The results showed that the percentage of burrowing clams,digging index,burrowing time,burrowing depth and scope for growth(SFG)were higher in mud substrates with≥40%water content.Likewise,burrowing percentage,digging index,and burrowing depths were higher in substrates with≤40%sand content.Moreover,the burrowing depth had significant effect on the feeding physiology and SFG of P.undulata as clams burrowed at 6.3±1.8 cm had higher clearance rates and SFG as compared to other buried depths.This study further revealed that low water content in the sediment inhibited physiological performances of P.undulata by impairing feeding or absorption,hence reducing the SFG.In conclusion,mud substrate with≥40%water content or with≤40%sand content is suitable for proper burrowing and growth of P.undulata.Our findings therefore provide fundamental knowledge that will be applicable in the improvement of bottom aquaculture and conservation of P.undulata.

VvAGAMOUS Affect Development of Four Different Grape Species Ovary

Grape pistil has an important influence on fruit size and quality.However,there were few studies on grape ovary,and the development process of the ovary is still unclear.Therefore,in this paper,four different grape varieties with different lengths of small inflorescences,namely‘Musct Hambourg’grape(Vitis vinifera),‘Concord’grape(Vitis labrusca),‘ShanPuTao’grape(Vitis amurensis)and‘GongNiang2Hao’grape(Vitis amurensis×Vitis vinifera)were used as test materials.Four varieties ovary were significant differences by means of stereomicroscope,paraffin section.The expression of ovary determining gene VvAGAMOUS(VvAG)and its development related genes VvCRABS CLAW(VvCRC)and VvAGAMOUS-LIKE 11(VvAGL11)with similar functions during the development of different grape varieties were preliminarily explored using fluorescence quantitative test.The relationship between VvAG and VvCRC,VvAG and VvAGL11 were analyzed using Y1H assay.Our results showed that there were obvious abdominal sutures on the surface of expect for‘Musct Hambourg’grape,and existing poly carpels.The ovary development of‘ShanPuTao’and‘GongNiang2Hao’grape was completed when the inflorescence length was less than 1 cm,while the‘Concord’and‘Musct Hambourg’grape were fully developed when the length of inflorescence was 3–4 and 4–5 cm,respectively.VvAG and VvCRC began to express in large quantities after the formation of stamen primordia,while VvAGL11 during the forming of ovule primordia.Therefore,VvAG and VvCRC mainly regulated the development of stamens and carpels and also promote the development of ovules,while VvAGL11 major regulated the development of ovules.The promoters of VvCRC and VvAGL11 were bound by VvAG.This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of grape ovary development.

The bacterial small RNAs: The new biomarkers of oral microbiotaassociated cancers and diseases

The oral microbiota is a vital part of the human microbiota that functions in various physiological processes and ishighly relevant to cancers and other diseases. With the alterations of host immune competence, the homeostatic balanceexisting between the oral microbiota and host may be disturbed and result in the development of diseases. Numerousobservations have suggested that small RNAs are key regulators of bacterial pathogenesis and bacteria-host interactions.Further, bacterial small RNAs are considered to be promising biomarkers for the development of novel, and efficacioustherapies for oral dysbiosis. Mechanistic insights into how oral pathogens communicate with other bacteria or host cellsin oral cancers via small RNAs are hot topics of research. Current studies also have begun to elucidate the key role oforal microbiota in the development of systemic diseases. This article discusses existing findings and nascent mechanismsgoverning the small RNA-based interactions between oral microbiota and associated diseases. The knowledge of suchinteractions is key in planning approaches to reverse dysbiosis to achieve health.

Digital Simulation of Projective Non-Abelian Anyons with 68 Superconducting Qubits

Non-Abelian anyons are exotic quasiparticle excitations hosted by certain topological phases of matter.They break the fermion-boson dichotomy and obey non-Abelian braiding statistics:their interchanges yield unitary operations,rather than merely a phase factor,in a space spanned by topologically degenerate wavefunctions.They are the building blocks of topological quantum computing.However,experimental observation of non-Abelian anyons and their characterizing braiding statistics is notoriously challenging and has remained elusive hitherto,in spite of various theoretical proposals.Here,we report an experimental quantum digital simulation of projective non-Abelian anyons and their braiding statistics with up to 68 programmable superconducting qubits arranged on a two-dimensional lattice.By implementing the ground states of the toric-code model with twists through quantum circuits,we demonstrate that twists exchange electric and magnetic charges and behave as a particular type of non-Abelian anyons,i.e.,the Ising anyons.In particular,we show experimentally that these twists follow the fusion rules and non-Abelian braiding statistics of the Ising type,and can be explored to encode topological logical qubits.Furthermore,we demonstrate how to implement both single-and two-qubit logic gates through applying a sequence of elementary Pauli gates on the underlying physical qubits.Our results demonstrate a versatile quantum digital approach for simulating non-Abelian anyons,offering a new lens into the study of such peculiar quasiparticles.

Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Radix Astragali by ISSR Markers

Radix Astragali has been an important traditional Chinese herbal medicine for over 2000 years. It is derived from two plant species, namely, Astragalus mongholicus [Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao] and Astragalus membranaceus [Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.] (Leguminosae ), according to the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. In this study, the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of Radix Astragali in China were analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 25 highly polymorphic ISSR primers were selected to amplify 95 Radix Astragali samples. Among 273 DNA bands amplified, 213 are polymorphic (percentage of polymorphic bands: 78%). The average value of the amplified bands was 10.9 for each primer, and the number varied from 4 to 20. The genetic diversity of the 95 Radix Astragali samples was analyzed by using POPGENE 1.32 software. The Nei’s genetic diversity index (h) and Shannon’s information index (I ) were 0.3590 and 0.5308, respectively, which indicated the abundant genetic diversity of Radix Astragali . The level of genetic diversity in A. membranaceus (h: 0.3109, I : 0.4657) was slightly lower than that in A. mongholicus (h: 0.3364, I : 0.4969). Considering the average genetic similarity coefficient by NTSYS analysis to cluster the A. membranaceus of nine habitats and A. mongholicus of five habitats, Radix Astragali samples were clustered into two groups according to place of origin. This clustering is different from traditional clustering, which divides groups according to species. Results obtained from this study will provide a theoretical basis for the molecular study on germplasm resources of Radix Astragali .

非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂碳纳米管负载纸衍生多孔碳电催化剂的制备及其氧还原性能研究（英文）

燃料电池可以直接将化学能转化为电能,是一种极具前景的能量转换设备.目前,铂碳是燃料电池阴极氧还原反应(ORR)常用催化剂,但是铂储量低、价格昂贵、稳定性差且容易受CO毒化,极大地限制了其在燃料电池商业化中的应用.因此,探索价格低廉、性能优越的非贵金属氧还原催化剂显得尤为重要.大量研究发现,碳基材料具有优越的氧还原性能和良好的电化学稳定性.同时,自然界的生物质种类丰富,是很好的碳基材料来源.本文选取日常生活中最常见的富碳生物质废纸作为碳源,二氰二胺和乙酰丙酮钴分别作为氮源和钴源,经过特定气氛下的梯度升温制得非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂碳纳米管负载多孔碳氧还原催化剂(Co/N/CNT@PC-800).考察了杂原子N掺杂、过渡金属Co掺杂对材料形貌和性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、氮气吸附-脱附和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征方法探究了Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料的组成与结构,通过循环伏安法(CV)以及线性扫描伏安法(LSV)等电化学测试探究了其氧还原反应性能.SEM和TEM结果表明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料为表面生长着大量碳纳米管的多孔碳结构.这是因为二氰二胺和钴引入后,钴催化二氰二胺转化成碳纳米管.金属纳米粒子被封装在碳层之间和碳纳米管中而得到有效的保护,使之不易被酸腐蚀.同时,Co和N元素可以形成更多的活性位点(Co–Nx),增强材料ORR活性.SEM和氮气吸附-脱附结果显示,掺杂Co后,材料的介孔结构会进一步增加,形成微孔/介孔结构.多孔结构可以增强ORR相关物质(O2,H+,OH.,H2O)的传质速率,提升反应速率,达到增强ORR活性的效果.除此之外,多孔的结构也可以促进活性位点的暴露,进而提升材料的ORR性能.XPS结果显示,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料中N主要以吡啶氮和石墨氮两种形式存在,而这两种类型的氮有利于促进ORR的进行.Raman光谱结果显示,在引入N和Co元素后,材料的缺陷结构有所增加,因而有利于电催化氧还原反应性能的提升.另外,LSV测试结果表明,在引入Co或者N后,材料催化ORR的起始电位、半波电位、极限电流密度均有小幅改善;同时引入Co和N后,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料催化ORR的起始电位(0.005 V vs.Ag/AgCl)、半波电位(.0.173 V vs.Ag/AgCl)、极限电流密度(.4.117 mA cm.2)均有较大幅度的改善.通过Koutecky-Levich(K-L)方程计算以及旋转环盘电极测得的氧还原极化曲线结果均表明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料的氧还原反应是通过准四电子反应转移路径进行.此外,循环(3000圈CV)稳定性测试结果证明,Co/N/CNT@PC-800材料比商业化的Pt/C具有更好的稳定性.总之,本文采用简单的梯度升温法制备出非贵金属钴、氮共掺杂的碳基氧还原催化剂(Co/N/CNT@PC-800),为探索利用生物质制备电催化剂用于燃料电池提供了一种可供选择的途径.

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