Effects of fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow on the thermal performance of enhanced geothermal system in 3D complex fractured rock

In fractured geothermal reservoirs,the fracture networks and internal fluid flow behaviors can significantly impact the thermal performance.In this study,we proposed a non-Darcy rough discrete fracture network(NR-DFN)model that can simultaneously consider the fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow dynamics in studying the thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupling processes for heat extraction in geothermal reservoir.We further employed the model on the Habanero enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)project located in Australia.First,our findings illustrate a clear spatial-temporal variation in the thermal stress and pressure perturbations,as well as uneven spatial distribution of shear failure in 3D fracture networks.Activated shear failure is mainly concentrated in the first fracture cluster.Secondly,channeling flow have also been observed in DFNs during heat extraction and are further intensified by the expansion of fractures driven by thermal stresses.Moreover,the combined effect of non-Darcy flow and fracture evolution triggers a rapid decline in the resulting heat rate and temperature.The NR-DFN model framework and the Habanero EGS's results illustrate the importance of both fracture evolution and non-Darcy flow on the efficiency of EGS production and have the potential to promote the development of more sustainable and efficient EGS operations for stakeholders.

Young's double slit interference with vortex source

The fast and convenient demultiplex of optical vortex(OV) mode is crucial for its further application. We propose a novel approach that combines classic Young's doublet with an OV source to effectively identify the OV mode through the analysis of interference patterns. The interference patterns of the OV source incident on the double slits can be perfectly illustrated by using both the classical double-slit interference method and the Huygens–Fresnel principle. The interference fringes will twist along the negative or positive direction of x axis when topological charge(TC)l>0 or l<0, and the degree of the movement varies with the TC, allowing for a quantitative display of the OV characteristics through the interference patterns. Additionally, we deduce analytically that the zeroth-order interference fringe has a linear relationship with the TC and the vertical position. These findings highlight the ability to identify the OV mode by analyzing the interference patterns produced by Young's doublet.

碳纳米管与二硫化钼协同增强丁腈橡胶复合材料吸波性能

利用不同维度的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和二硫化钼(MoS_(2))在形貌和性能上的互补性,通过机械共混制备了电磁性能优异的丁腈橡胶(NBR)吸波复合材料;采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和矢量网络分析仪(VNA)对复合材料结构和性能进行了表征分析,研究了MWCNTs与MoS_(2)比例对复合材料电磁性能的影响。研究结果表明,MWCNTs和MoS_(2)共掺协同促进了彼此在NBR基体中的分散,形成更完善的电磁损耗网络;与单纯MWCNTs或MoS_(2)填充的NBR复合材料相比,NBR/MWCNTs/MoS_(2)复合材料的吸波性能提高了2.3倍以上;当MWCNTs/MoS_(2)体积比为5/5时,复合材料的吸波效能最优,反射损耗峰值达到-31.08 dB,有效吸收带宽达到3.04 GHz。对复合材料电磁波衰减机理分析表明,MWCNTs和MoS_(2)共掺调和了彼此的电磁参数,使复合材料具有较为平衡的阻抗匹配度和衰减常数,促进了复合材料对电磁波的衰减。

基体改性对导电炭黑/天然橡胶复合材料电磁性能的影响

采用机械共混法,以导电炭黑(CCB)、天然橡胶(NR)、环氧化天然橡胶(ENR)以及甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝天然橡胶(MGNR)为原料,制备了复合材料NR/CCB、ENR/CCB、MGNR/CCB、NR/ENR/CCB、NR/MGNR/CCB。研究结果表明,CCB粒子网络在MGNR中比在ENR中的分散性好,三元共混改性可以进一步提高CCB网络的完整性。在5种复合材料中,NR/ENR/CCB复合材料的有效吸收频宽最宽(3.20 GHz),NR/MGNR/CCB的吸收性能最好(-42.8 d B)。与天然橡胶相比,环氧化改性具有拓宽复合材料有效吸收带宽的作用(拓频),甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝改性可以增强吸波效能(增效)。结合电磁参数,讨论了复合材料可能的吸波机理。

甄别疑似新冠肺炎的CT表现分析

自2019年底武汉市发现至波及全国的新型冠状病毒肺炎传染性强、波及范围广。但恰至冬末春初,多数的细菌及病毒性肺炎也恰是高发病率时期,早期CT表现存在相似性。故如何尽早提高临床诊断速度及准确度,并指导尽快筛查接触者有无感染及高度疑似、确诊者的快速隔离已成当务之急。本文将在新型冠状病毒感染肺炎早期诊断作出分析,旨在提高新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎的认识,为早期诊断、及时隔离与治疗提供参考依据。

Differential study of DCE-MRI parameters in spinal metastatic tumors, brucellar spondylitis and spinal tuberculosis

Objective： In the present study, spinal metastatic tumors, brucellar spondylitis and spinal tuberculosis werequantitatively analyzed using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging （DCE-MRI） to assess thevalue of DCE-MRI in the differential diagnosis of these diseases.Methods： Patients with brucellar spondylitis, spinal tuberculosis or a spinal metastatic tumor （30 cases of each）received conventional MRI and DCE-MRI examination. The volume transfer constant （Ktrans）, rate constant （Kep）,extravascular extracellular volume fraction （Ve） and plasma volume fraction （Vp） of the diseased vertebral bodieswere measured on the perfusion parameter map, and the differences in these parameters between the patients werecompared.Results： For pathological vertebrae in cases of spinal metastatic tumor, brucellar spondylitis and spinaltuberculosis, respectively, the Ktrans values （median ＋ quartile pitch） were 0.989±0.014, 0.720±0.011 and0.317±0.005 min-1; the Kep values were 2.898±0.055, 1.327±0.017 and 0.748±0.006 min-1; the Ve values were0.339±0.008, 0.542±0.013 and 0.428±0.018; the Vp values were 0.048±0.008, 0.035±0.004 and 0.028±0.009; thecorresponding H values were 50.25 （for Ktrans）, 52.47 （for Kep）, 48.33 （for Ve） and 46.56 （for Vp）, and all differenceswere statistically significant （two-sided P〈0.05）.Conclusions： The quantitative analysis of DCE-MRI has a certain value in the differential diagnosis of spinalmetastatic tumor, brucellar spondylitis and spinal tuberculosis.

Diabetes fuels periodontal lesions via GLUT1-driven macrophage inflammaging

Hyperglycemia induces chronic low-grade inflammation(inflammaging),which is a newly identified contributor to diabetes-related tissue lesions,including the inflammatory bone loss in periodontitis.It is also a secondary senescent pattern mediated by an increased burden of senescent cells and senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP).Macrophage is a key SASPspreading cell and may contribute to the maintenance of SASP response in the periodontal microenvironment.Using a transgenic diabetic model(BLKS/J-Lepr^(db)/lepr^(db)mice)we identified striking senescence of the periodontium in young(18-wk)-diabetic mice accompanied by amassed p16^(+)-macrophages and enhanced early SASP response.Exposed to high glucose in vitro,bone marrow-derived macrophage(BMDM)revealed a strong GLUT1 m RNA response driving the elevated-glucose uptake.GLUT1 is a representative and facilitative glucose transporter in macrophages with potential roles in hyperglycemia-induced inflammation.In this study,both GLUT1 and the downstream GTPase Rheb expression upregulated in the gingiva of diabetic mice with impaired condition.Furthermore,SASP release and p16/p21 signaling were proven to be triggered by m TOR phosphorylation in BMDM and antagonized by restricting glucose uptake in GLUT1^(-/-)BMDM.Taken together,our findings suggest that elevated-GLUT1 sensor responded to high glucose is important for macrophage senescence and SASP response,generated as a result of hyperglycemia,and it is a potential molecular mechanism for the exacerbation of periodontitis in diabetes.

Fecal-associated microbiome differences between traditional Chinese medicine qi-deficiency and balanced constitutions

Objective:To explore the structural and functional characteristics of the fecal-associated microbiome(FAM)in a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)qi-deficiency constitution(QDC)by comparing with balanced constitution(BC)and screen the related biomarkers.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,the TCM constitutions of subjects were determined based on published the Classification and Determination of constitution in TCM and further confirmed by a TCM clinician.Clinical characteristics were recorded,and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform.The FAM structure was described using alpha-diversity indexes,beta-diversity indexes,and the relative abundances of the dominant taxa.Differences in the FAM distribution and function were analyzed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test,MetagenomeSeq,and LEfSe analysis,after which a receiver operating characteristic curve based on the specific operational taxonomic units(OTUs)was constructed to calculate the area under the curve.Results:Our study population was composed of 22 BCs and 9 QDCs.There were no significant differences between the two groups in the distribution of clinical characteristics or alpha-diversity indexes,except for the sweets preference and blood glucose level.In principal coordinate analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis,the bacterial communities in the BC group samples and QDC group samples clustered separately.Notably,there were 214 OTUs significantly distributed between groups in the MetagenomeSeq analysis,200 OTUs identified by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test,and 6 OTUs found by the LEfSe analysis.Predicted function analysis revealed that six metabolic pathways were distinctly distributed between the two groups.The area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristic curve based on the four specific OTUs was 0.88.Conclusion:Unique FAM structural and related functional characteristics are displayed in individuals with a QDC,and four specific OTUs could be used as QDC biomarkers to assist in clinical diagnosis.

Fecal-associated microbiome differences between phlegm-dampness constitution and balanced constitution

Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural and functional characteristics of the fecalassociated microbiome(FAM) between the phlegm-dampness constitution(PDC) and balanced constitution(BC), and to screen the related specific operational taxonomic unit(OTU) biomarkers.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. After strictly identifying the constitution of subjects, their clinical index was recorded and counted. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial taxa were used to describe the FAM structure, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Metagenome Seq, and linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEf Se) were used to screen specific bacterial taxa. Specific OTUs were screened to construct receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.Results: Thirty-two subjects were enrolled, including 22 subjects with BC and 10 subjects with PDC.There were significant differences in cold preference, levels of aspartate transaminase, β2-microglobulin,and creatine kinase MB, and alpha diversity indices(Shannon and Shannoneven) between the two groups. In principal coordinate analysis by abund-jaccard distance measure and partial least squares discriminant analysis, bacterial communities clustered separately between the two groups. Furthermore,based on Metagenome Seq, LEf Se, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a total of 43, 18, and 130 OTUs were differentially distributed between BC group and PDC group, respectively, and OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 were screened when P≤.01. The area under the ROC curve constructed from the 3 selected OTUs was 0.93.Conclusion: The FAM structure and related functional characteristics of the PDC group differed from those of the BC group. In particular, OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 can be used as unique markers of PDC to assist clinical diagnosis.

Discrimination of TCM constitutions by biochemical and routine urine indexes

Objective:To investigate whether the specific traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution of individuals can be defined by certain biological indexes instead of answering the questionnaire,and to explore the possibility of discriminating nine TCM constitutions from each other simultaneously using biological indexes.Methods:Blood and urine samples from 152 individuals with nine TCM constitutions were collected,and the related biological indexes were analyzed combining ANOVA,multiple comparison,discriminant analysis,and support vector machine.Results:We found that 4 out of 24 blood routine indexes,7 out of 10 urine routine indexes,and 12 out of 32 biochemical indexes showed differences among the constitutions.High-sensitivity C-reactive protein,apolipoprotein A1,and alkaline phosphatase were potential candidates for screening out individuals with unbalanced constitutions.Combining uric acid,high-density lipoprotein,apolipoprotein A1,creatine kinase,total protein,aspartate aminotransferase,total bile acid,dehydrogenase,sodium,and calcium levels had the potential to directly distinguish the nine TCM constitutions from each other.Among these indexes,the highest ratio of discriminant analysis between two constitutions was 95.5%,while the lowest was 66.1%.Conclusion:Our results suggest that some biochemical and urine indexes are related to various TCM constitutions,and thus they have the potential to be used for TCM constitution classification.

Multi-Core Conformal Lenses

We propose multi-core conformal lenses by combining conformal transformation optics with absolute instruments.Depending on the cores and incident angles,the conformal lenses have tunable functionalities like focusing,reflection,and transparency,thereby providing a feasible general method for designing multi-functional devices.

Structure and function of the fecal-associated microbiome in qi stagnation constitution

Objective:To clarify the structural and functional characteristics of the gut microbiota in individuals with qi stagnation constitution(QSC)and identify the potential biomarkers related to QSC.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved individuals with QSC and balanced constitution(BC)confirmed by TCM clinicians.The clinical features were recorded,and fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing.The structure of the fecal-associated microbiome(FAM)was described by the alpha-diversity indexes,beta-distances,and relative abundances of dominant taxa.The differences in FAM distribution were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test,MetagenomeSeq,and LEfSe analysis.The 16S rDNA gene sequences were assigned to the KEGG dataset to predict the functional information of bacterial metabolic pathways by using PICRUSt.Differences in functional pathways between groups were assessed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test.The ROC curve based on specific operational taxonomic units(OTUs)was constructed,and the AUC was calculated.Results:Twenty-two individuals with BC and 8 with QSC were recruited.Significant differences between the two groups were found in body mass index,health status,and low-density lipoprotein,etc.There was no significant difference in the alpha-diversity index.PCoA showed no evident clustering of bacterial communities according to constitutions.Bacteroidaceae,Lachnospiraceae,Ruminococcaceae,and Prevotellaceae were the four common bacteria with high abundances.Notably,MetagenomeSeq,LEfSe analysis,and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test identified significantly different distributions of 66,42,and 36 OTUs,respectively.Predictive function analysis showed that 13 metabolic pathways were significantly differentially distributed,including those related to fatty acid synthesis.Five specific OTUs were selected as potential biomarkers of a QSC,and the AUC was 0.94.Conclusion:Individuals with QSC have unique FAM structure and related functional characteristics.Five specific OTUs were identified to serve as potentially effective biomarkers related to QSC.

Benefit of aerosol reduction to winter wheat during China's clean air action:A case study of Henan Province

A strongly declining aerosol radiative effect has been observed in China since 2013 after implementing the clean air action,yet its impact on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production remains unclear.We use satellite measures and a biophysical crop model to assess the impact of aerosol-induced radiative perturbations on winter wheat production in the agricultural belt of Henan province from 2013 to 2018.After calibrating parameters with the extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test(EFAST)and the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation(GLUE)method,the DSSAT CERES-Wheat model was able to simulate crop biomass and yield more accurately.We found that the aerosol negatively impacted wheat biomass by 21.87%and yield by 22.48%from 2006 to 2018,and the biomass effects from planting to anthesis were more significant compared to anthesis to maturity.Due to the strict clean air action,under all-sky conditions,the surface solar shortwave radiation(SSR)in 2018 increased by about 7.08%over 2006-2013 during the wheat growing seasons.As a result of the improvement of crop photosynthesis,winter wheat biomass and yield increased by an average of 5.46%and 2.9%,respectively.Our findings show that crop carbon uptake and yield will benefit from the clean air action in China,helping to ensure national food and health security.

Decision Aid Model for Private-owned Electric Vehicles Participating in Frequency Regulation Ancillary Service Market

To reduce the difficulty and enhance the enthusiasm of private-owned electric vehicles(EVs) in participating in frequency regulation ancillary service market(FRASM), a decision aid model(DAM) is proposed. This paper presents three options for EV participating in FRASM, i. e., the base mode(BM), unidirectional charging mode(UCM), and bidirectional charging/discharging mode(BCDM), based on a reasonable simplification of users' participating willingness. In BM, individual EVs will not be involved in FRASM, and DAM will assist users to set the optimal charging schemes based on travel plans under the time-of-use(TOU) price. UCM and BCDM are two modes in which EVs can take part in FRASM. DAM can assist EV users to create their quotation plan, which includes hourly upper and lower reserve capabilities and regulation market mileage prices. In UCM and BCDM, the difference is that only the charging rate can be adjusted in the UCM, and the EVs in BCDM can not only charge but also discharge if necessary. DAM can estimate the expected revenue of all three modes, and EV users can make the final decision based on their preferences. Simulation results indicate that all the three modes of DAM can reduce the cost, while BCDM can get the maximum expected revenue.

用于接近-压力感知的全纸基智能传感器

近年来,伴随可穿戴电子设备与日俱增的需求,成本低廉、绿色环保、可批量生产的纸基传感器得以快速发展.然而,目前的纸基传感器仍有两大挑战亟待解决:(1)广泛使用金属电极,极大地削弱了纸的本征优势.(2)传感机理受限于单一触觉感知功能,难以满足多重刺激感知的需求.本文报道了一种基于聚吡咯(PPy)的电容-电阻双模式全纸基传感器.该器件能够感知接近和压力刺激,从而能够应用于人体运动的监测、接近物体的感知.此外,我们还借助该传感器实现了接触式和非接触式摩斯电码输入,并能实现两种模式下的准确区分.该接近-压力全纸基传感器结构简单,容易制造,在可穿戴设备和绿色电子等领域有着巨大潜力.

A social computing method for energy safety

Information and communication technologies enable the transformation of traditional energy systems into cyber-physical energy systems(CPESs),but such systems have also become popular targets of cyberattacks.Currently,available methods for evaluating the impacts of cyberattacks suffer from limited resilience,efficacy,and practical value.To mitigate their potentially disastrous consequences,this study suggests a two-stage,discrepancy-based optimization approach that considers both preparatory actions and response measures,integrating concepts from social computing.The proposed Kullback-Leibler divergence-based,distributionally robust optimization(KDR)method has a hierarchical,two-stage objective function that incorporates the operating costs of both system infrastructures(e.g.,energy resources,reserve capacity)and real-time response measures(e.g.,load shedding,demand-side management,electric vehicle charging station management).By incorporating social computing principles,the optimization framework can also capture the social behavior and interactions of energy consumers in response to cyberattacks.The preparatory stage entails day-ahead operational decisions,leveraging insights from social computing to model and predict the behaviors of individuals and communities affected by potential cyberattacks.The mitigation stage generates responses designed to contain the consequences of the attack by directing and optimizing energy use from the demand side,taking into account the social context and preferences of energy consumers,to ensure resilient,economically efficient CPES operations.Our method can determine optimal schemes in both stages,accounting for the social dimensions of the problem.An original disaster mitigation model uses an abstract formulation to develop a risk-neutral model that characterizes cyberattacks through KDR,incorporating social computing techniques to enhance the understanding and response to cyber threats.This approach can mitigate the impacts more effectively than several existing methods,even with limited data availability.To extend this risk-neutral model,we incorporate conditional value at risk as an essential risk measure,capturing the uncertainty and diverse impact scenarios arising from social computing factors.The empirical results affirm that the KDR method,which is enriched with social computing considerations,produces resilient,economically efficient solutions for managing the impacts of cyberattacks on a CPES.By integrating social computing principles into the optimization framework,it becomes possible to better anticipate and address the social and behavioral aspects associated with cyberattacks on CPESs,ultimately improving the overall resilience and effectiveness of the system’s response measures.

Metabolic memory:mechanisms and diseases

Metabolic diseases and their complications impose health and economic burdens worldwide.Evidence from past experimental studies and clinical trials suggests our body may have the ability to remember the past metabolic environment,such as hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia,thus leading to chronic inflammatory disorders and other diseases even after the elimination of these metabolic environments.The long-term effects of that aberrant metabolism on the body have been summarized as metabolic memory and are found to assume a crucial role in states of health and disease.Multiple molecular mechanisms collectively participate in metabolic memory management,resulting in different cellular alterations as well as tissue and organ dysfunctions,culminating in disease progression and even affecting offspring.The elucidation and expansion of the concept of metabolic memory provides more comprehensive insight into pathogenic mechanisms underlying metabolic diseases and complications and promises to be a new target in disease detection and management.Here,we retrace the history of relevant research on metabolic memory and summarize its salient characteristics.We provide a detailed discussion of the mechanisms by which metabolic memory may be involved in disease development at molecular,cellular,and organ levels,with emphasis on the impact of epigenetic modulations.Finally,we present some of the pivotal findings arguing in favor of targeting metabolic memory to develop therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases and provide the latest reflections on the consequences of metabolic memory as well as their implications for human health and diseases.

Potential herb-drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),has spread worldwide.Effective treatments against COVID-19 remain urgently in need although vaccination significantly reduces the incidence,hospitalization,and mortality.At present,antiviral drugs including Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir(Paxlovid^(TM)),Remdesivir,and Molnupiravir have been authorized to treat COVID-19 and become more globally available.On the other hand,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used for the treatment of epidemic diseases for a long history.Currently,various TCM formulae against COVID-19 such as Qingfei Paidu decoction,Xuanfei Baidu granule,Huashi Baidu granule,Jinhua Qinggan granule,Lianhua Qingwen capsule,and Xuebijing injection have been widely used in clinical practice in China,which may cause potential herb-drug interactions(HDIs)in patients under treatment with antiviral drugs and affect the efficacy and safety of medicines.However,information on potential HDIs between the above anti-COVID-19 drugs and TCM formulae is lacking,and thus this work seeks to summarize and highlight potential HDIs between antiviral drugs and TCM formulae against COVID-19,and especially pharmacokinetic HDIs mediated by metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters.These well-characterized HDIs could provide useful information on clinical concomitant medicine use to maximize clinical outcomes and minimize adverse and toxic effects.

Nanowire-based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing

The traditional von Neumann structure computers cannot meet the demands of high-speed big data processing;therefore,neuromorphic computing has received a lot of interest in recent years.Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has the advantages of low power consumption,high speed and high accuracy.In human brains,the data transmission and processing are realized through synapses.Artificial synaptic devices can be adopted to mimic the biological synaptic functionalities.Nanowire(NW)is an important building block for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics,and many efforts have been made to promote the application of NW-based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.Here,we will introduce the current progress of NW-based synaptic memristors and synaptic transistors.The applications of NW-based synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing will be discussed.The challenges faced by NW-based synaptic devices will be proposed.We hope this perspective will be beneficial for the application of NW-based synaptic devices in neuromorphic systems.

Effect of arteriosclerotic intracranial arterial vessel wall enhancement on downstream collateral flow

Background:The effect of arteriosclerotic intracranial arterial vessel wall enhancement(IAVWE)on downstream collateral flow found in vessel wall imaging(VWI)is not clear.Regardless of the mechanism underlying IAVWE on VWI,damage to the patient’s nervous system caused by IAVWE is likely achieved by affecting downstream cerebral blood flow.The present study aimed to investigate the effect of arteriosclerotic IAVWE on downstream collateral flow.Methods:The present study recruited 63 consecutive patients at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2021 to November 2021 with underlying atherosclerotic diseases and unilateral middle cerebral artery(MCA)M1-segment stenosis who underwent an magnetic resonance scan within 3 days of symptom onset.The patients were divided into 4 groups according to IAVWE and the stenosis ratio(Group 1,n=17;Group 2,n=19;Group 3,n=13;Group 4,n=14),and downstream collateral flow was analyzed using three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling(3D-pCASL)and RAPID software.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)scores of the patients were also recorded.Two-factor multivariate analysis of variance using Pillai’s trace was used as the main statistical method.Results:No statistically significant difference was found in baseline demographic characteristics among the groups.IAVWE,but not the stenosis ratio,had a statistically significant significance on the late-arriving retrograde flow proportion(LARFP),hypoperfusion intensity ratio(HIR),and NIHSS scores(F=20.941,P<0.001,Pillai’s trace statistic=0.567).The between-subject effects test showed that IAVWE had a significant effect on the three dependent variables:LARFP(R^(2)=0.088,F=10.899,P=0.002),HIR(R^(2)=0.234,F=29.354,P<0.001),and NIHSS(R^(2)=114.339,F=33.338,P<0.001).Conclusions:Arteriosclerotic IAVWE significantly reduced downstream collateral flow and affected relevant neurological deficits.It was an independent factor affecting downstream collateral flow and NIHSS scores,which should be a focus of future studies.Trial Registration:ChiCTR.org.cn,ChiCTR2100053661.